Urban transformation of a metropolis and its environmental impacts

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to understand the sustainability of urban spatial transformation in the process of rapid urbanization, and calls for future research on the demographic and economic dimensions of climate change. Shanghai towards its transformation to a metropolis has experienced vast socioeconomic and ecological change and calls for future research on the impacts of demographic and economic dimensions on climate change. We look at the major questions (1) to explore economic and demographic growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic and city growth, and (2) to analyze how the demography and economic growth have been associated with the local air temperature and vegetation.

Method

We examine urban growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic development and urbanization. We assess the impact of urban expansion on local air temperature and vegetation. The analysis is based on time series data of land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and meteorological, demographic and economic data.

Results and discussion

The results indicate that urban growth has been driven by mass immigration; as a consequence of economic growth and urban expansion, a large amount of farmland has been converted to paved road and residential buildings. Furthermore, the difference between air temperature in urban and exurban areas has increased rapidly. The decrease of high mean annual NDVI has mainly occurred around the dense urban areas.     

Continuous measurement of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in suburban and remote areas of western China

Knowledge on atmospheric abundance of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is important in assessing the severity of photochemical pollution, and for understanding chemical transformation of reactive odd nitrogen and its impact on the budget of tropospheric ozone (O₃). In summer 2006, continuous measurements of PAN were made using an automatic GC–ECD analyzer with an on-line calibrator at a suburban site of Lanzhou (LZ) and a remote site of Mt. Waliguan (WLG) in western China, with concurrent measurements of O₃, total reactive nitrogen (NO_y) and carbon monoxide (CO). At LZ, several photochemical episodes were observed during the study, and the average mixing ratio of PAN (plus or minus standard deviation) was 0.76 (±0.89) ppbv with the maximum value of 9.13 ppbv, compared to an average value of 0.44 (±0.16) ppbv at remote WLG. The PAN mixing ratios in LZ exhibited strong diurnal variations with a maximum at noon, while enhanced concentrations of PAN were observed in the evening and a minimum in the afternoon at WLG. The daily O₃ and PAN concentration maxima showed a strong correlation (r² = 0.91) in LZ, with a regression slope (PAN/O₃) of 0.091 ppbv ppbv^?1. At WLG, six well-identified pollution plumes (lasting 2–8 h) were observed with elevated concentrations of PAN (and other trace gases), and analysis of backward particle release simulation shows that the high-PAN events at WLG were mostly associated with the transport of air masses that had passed over LZ.     

中韩扬尘污染防治法规及政策对比研究

系统对比分析了中国(未涉及港澳台,全文同)和韩国扬尘污染治理的法律体系、质量标准以及管理办法。结果表明:韩国早于中国出台了大气污染防治的相关法律,且空气质量标准中的具体限值也更加严格。在中国,针对扬尘污染进一步细化的法规政策或管理办法均由地方政府负责制定并实施,而韩国的地方政府则全部依照韩国环境部制定的政策开展监管工作。因此,中国的扬尘政策相对灵活,针对重点区域可以适时地出台一些防治计划或政策。以北京市和辽宁省为例,比较了中、韩两国针对扬尘污染的具体控制措施。与韩国的政策相比,中国的扬尘污染管理办法中一些量化的规定仍不够详尽,还存在较大的改进空间,但一些先进管控手段的运用则十分值得推广。     

黄、东海海域浒苔时空分布变化特征研究

选取黄海、东海海域为研究区域,以MODIS遥感影像数据为数据源,计算了研究区的比值植被指数,利用动态阈值分割和ArcGIS空间分析方法获取了2008~2015年浒苔发生初期空间分布特点、漂移路径、空间分布和聚集度变化特征等信息。结果表明:1）浒苔最初于五月中旬到六月上旬期间出现在江苏盐城市北部和长江口附近海域。2）随着浒苔的生长和爆发,浒苔均会先向西北漂移至苏北外海海域,然后再进入黄海。其漂移路径具有明显的年际变化特征。3）在生长过程中,浒苔斑块空间分布状态整体由南向北生长、汇聚和扩张,少部分年份会出现整体漂移现象。4）进入治理期后,覆盖密度不断减小直至浒苔完全消失。通过该研究可以更好地了解浒苔灾害发生和发展规律,为其有效治理提供技术支持。     

水钠锰矿的Mn（Ⅲ）分布及Na4P2O7溶液处理对其铅吸附性能的影响

以深入理解水钠锰矿结构中低价锰离子的含量及分布对其铅吸附性能的影响为目的,通过不同pH（pH为2、4、5）的焦磷酸钠溶液络合浸提酸性水钠锰矿结构中的Mn（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅲ）,研究了浸提锰离子的形态、含量、矿物的锰平均氧化度和Pb2＋的吸附量及其伴随Mn2＋、H＋释放量的变化.结果表明,锰平均氧化度为3.670的酸性水钠锰...     

气体分离循环对高温厌氧消化过程的影响

采用厌氧序批式反应器,研究了气体循环(包括气体直接循环和脱除气体中的氢气后循环)对以葡萄糖和乙酸钠配制的模拟废水在高温厌氧消化过程中乙酸代谢速率、出水性质及微生物相的影响,并采用尺寸排除色谱和三维荧光光谱技术,对溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的分子量分布和荧光物质组成进行了分析.结果显示,气体循环使得出水中残余挥发性脂肪酸的浓度由238.2mg/L(未脱氢)和129.6mg/L(脱氢)分别减少至8.5mg/L和8.2mg/L,并最终降低了SMP产量,45d时分别降至气体循环前的36.8%和59.2%.脱氢气体循环促进了乙酸化和乙酸氧化,导致了微生态环境和甲烷化基质浓度的差异,促进了高分子量SMP向低分子量SMP的转化,污泥中的微生物形态亦发生了较大变化.可见气体循环改善了基质与微生物的混合状况,改善了出水水质,而脱氢气体循环加速了乙酸的代谢,有望更快速地解除易降解有机物高温厌氧消化过程中的酸抑制,提高厌氧消化效率.     

Factors affecting the direct mineralization of CO2 with olivine

Olivine, one of the most abundant minerals existing in nature, is explored as a CO2 carbonation agent for direct carbonation of CO2 in flue gas. Olivine based CO2 capture is thermodynamically favorable and can form a stable carbonate for long-term storage. Experimental results have shown that water vapor plays an important role in improving CO2 carbonation rate and capacities. Other operation conditions including reaction temperature, initial CO2 concentration, residence time corresponding to the flow rate of CO2 gas stream, and water vapor concentration also considerably affect the performance of the technology.     

典型水环境微生物源异嗅物研究进展

致嗅微生物主要包括放线菌、藻类和黏细菌等,广泛存在于水源水库、湖泊、溪流和海洋等典型水生态系统中,代谢产生的异嗅化合物痕量即可造成严重的异嗅味,威胁供水安全.目前,大量研究集中在异嗅化合物的有效控制上,投入使用的有物理和化学等方法,但存在问题,有待改进与完善,微生物法对环境友好,因此具有广阔的应用前景.本文从异嗅化合物的种类、生物源、检测方法、控制措施、影响因素及产嗅机制等方面的研究进行综述,并进行展望,讨论今后研究热点,旨在推进异嗅化合物的相关研究,保障城镇供水安全.     

生物过滤饮用水深度处理:机遇与挑战

源水水质的恶化给传统的饮用水处理工艺带来了挑战.生物过滤是饮用水消毒输配之前管理、维护及增强颗粒滤料表面生物活性以去除有机和无机物的过程.由于具有高效、低成本等优点，生物过滤在饮用水深度处理工艺中逐渐得到广泛的应用.本文综述了生物过滤在饮用水处理过程中对水中溶解性有机质（消毒副产物前体物）的去除、微量污染物的削减、嗅味化合物及氨氮的去除等.此外，针对生物过滤在水深度处理过程中存在的问题，本文详细讨论了含氮消毒副产物前体物的生成、低温下生物过滤效能下降等挑战，并提出了今后需要研究的问题.     

长江流域水生态环境安全主要问题、形势与对策

为进一步深化长江流域水生态环境保护的系统性、整体性科学认识,围绕长江水生态环境安全的主要问题及形势进行了剖析,提出了进一步加强长江流域水生态环境安全保障的对策建议.研究表明:在水环境质量方面,磷污染成为制约水质改善的主要影响因素,农业源排放量占比高,但工业源入河对水体的影响更直接,水库群运行带来的水沙条件变化对磷污染沿程演变有明显影响;在水生态健康方面,长江水生生物资源衰退、湖库富营养化格局发生改变、湿地生态功能退化问题突出;在水环境风险方面,化工围江、航运污染风险引起广泛关注.当前长江流域面临着源头区水资源战略储备减少、区域经济发展与生态环境保护双重压力仍较大、水环境质量仍存问题隐患、水生态系统退化态势未得到根本遏制等复杂且严峻的形势,未来长江水生态环境安全保障仍有诸多挑战.建议统筹长江全流域“一盘棋”,推进区域绿色协调发展,强化磷污染点面源综合管控,着力提升水生态健康水平,同时加快水环境风险隐患排查整治,强化科技创新有效供给.