抗坏血酸和铁系还原剂修复铬污染土壤

通过投加抗坏血酸(C₆H₈O₆)或铁系还原剂(FeCl₂,(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂,FeS)对重庆某化工厂的Cr污染土壤进行修复。除FeS外,其余3种还原剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率均达80%以上,稳定效率均超73%,且投加量为理论值3倍和4倍时的效果相差不大。C₆H₈O₆相比于铁系还原剂表现出更好的长期稳定性,4~30 d的Cr(Ⅵ)浸出质量浓度均低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)中Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出限值(1.5 mg/L)。投加3倍理论值C₆H₈O₆的土壤在30 d时的Cr(Ⅵ)浸出质量浓度仅为0.83 mg/L,稳定效率高达98.3%。除FeS外,其余3种还原剂均显著增加了土壤中Cr的残渣态占比。FeCl₂和(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂会导致土壤pH降低。4种还原剂均未对土壤晶体结构产生明显影响。     

太湖流域居民暴露于DDTs的健康风险评价

采用多介质环境数学模型,评价太湖流域居民暴露于DDTs的健康风险,分析风险来源、暴露介质及暴露途径,并结合蒙特卡罗方法分析研究过程中的不确定性. 结果表明,太湖流域居民中男性和女性对环境中DDTs的终身日平均暴露量分别为4.00×10－4～8.28×10－3和3.73×10－4～7.28×10－3 mg/(kg·d). 暴露途径中食物摄取是最主要途径,其次是吸入,皮肤暴露作用很小. 食物中贡献较大的为谷物、鱼类和肉类. 相应的男性和女性的健康风险度分别为0.114×10－6～2.366×10－6 和0.107×10－6～2.081×10－6 a－1,低于可接受健康风险度标准的累积概率分别为80.85%和86.05%.      

高浓度阿维菌素生产废水治理与资源回收技术研究

采用预处理一厌氧水解－二段接触氧化工艺处理阿维菌素废水，在厌氧段停留时间为１０ｈ，好氧段停留时间为６ｈ条件下，厌氧好氧段ＣＯＤ总去除率达９１％，     

Effect of organic matter on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge subjected to microwave hybrid pretreatment

Microwave (MW) hybrid processes are able to disrupt the flocculent structure of complex waste activated sludge, and help promote the recovery of phosphorus as struvite. In this study, to optimize struvite yield, (1) the characteristics of matter released in MW-hybrid treatments were compared, including MW, MW-acid, MW-alkali, MW-H₂O₂, and MW-H₂O₂-alkali. The results showed that selective release of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, Ca^2 +, and Mg^2 + achieved by sludge pretreatment using MW-hybrid processes. MW-H₂O₂ is the recommended sludge pretreatment process for phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite. The ratio of Mg^2 +:NH₄⁺-N:PO₄^3 −-P was 1.2:2.9:1 in the supernatant. (2) To clarify the effects of organic matter on struvite recovery, the composition and molecular weight distribution of organic matters were analyzed. Low molecular weight COD was found to facilitate the removal rate of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄³-P via crystallization, and the amorphous struvite crystals (< 1 kDa) from the filtered solutions had high purity. Therefore, the present study reveals the necessity of taking into consideration the interference effect of high molecular weight organic matters during struvite crystallization from sewage sludge.     

互花米草入侵对长江口湿地土壤碳动态的影响

为了评价互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地土壤碳动态的影响,利用配对的试验设计在长江口崇明东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条入侵种互花米草与土著种的配对样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江口湿地的植物碳库、土壤微生物碳、土壤总碳库和有机碳库,而对占土壤总碳库60%以上的无机碳库无显著影响,意味着互花米草入侵导致的土壤总碳库改变主要是通过增加土壤有机碳库来实现的.高潮滩互花米草和芦苇群落的年均土壤呼吸强度分别为（210.02±4.90）,（157.79±6.39）mg/（m²·h）;低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均土壤CO₂排放速率分别为（157.41±5.27）,（110.90±5.16）mg/（m²·h）,表明互花米草入侵显著增加长江口湿地的土壤呼吸.上述结果意味着互花米草入侵同时增加土壤碳输入和碳输出,但入侵也显著增加了土壤碳库表明入侵增加的土壤碳输入显著高于增加的土壤碳输出.本研究表明互花米草入侵可能会增强了长江河口湿地的土壤碳汇强度和固碳能力.但仍然需要长期系统的监测研究,以便全面定量评估互花米草入侵我国滨海湿地的综合生态影响.     

多金属氧酸盐电催化降解染料废水的研究

采用IR和XRD等手段对磷钼酸(PMo12)和3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)形成的电荷转移配合物(TMB)3PMo12进行表征,结果表明配合物中的杂多阴离子仍保留着Keggin结构.将配合物负载于γ-Al2O3上制备(TMB)3PMo12/γ-Al2O3负载型催化剂填充于电化学反应器中,考察电催化氧化体系降解酸性大红3R染料废水的效果.研究表明,(TMB)3PMo12/γ-Al2O3催化剂对酸性大红3R废水显示了良好的电催化活性,催化剂填充量为50g,负载量为0.6%时,在pH值为4,槽电压15.0V,曝气量0.14m3/h,极板间距3.0cm反应条件下,60min后,色度去除率达到79.7%,去除效果较传统二维平板和三维电解槽更高.     

珠江口沉积物中磷的赋存形态

采用较为系统的化学提取法，对珠江口柱状沉积物中TP、各形态无机磷及有机磷进行分析，重点考虑了分离提取碎屑和自生钙结合磷。结果表明：在无机磷中以钙磷占主要地位（49％），其中又以碎屑磷含量较高（43％），有机磷含量在TP中占有一定比例（38．8％）。沉积物中TP及其不同形态无机磷在垂向上的分布变化规律为：TP、有机磷和Fe－P含量随深度增加而降低，而碎屑态磷含量随深度增加而增高，自生钙磷变化幅度不大。TP、有机磷和Fe－P含量自下而上增高，在一定程度上反映了近年来陆源环境污染加剧的趋势。结合调查区域各种理化条件，认为在珠江口仅有铁结合磷与有机磷为潜在的生物可利用P，自生钙结合磷与原生碎屑结合磷总的来说占沉积物中TP的49％，因此我们估计有将近一半的P不能为生物利用。     

湖南罕见的一次低温雨雪冰冻灾害天气分析及预警预报

2008年1月中旬至2月初,湖南出现历史上罕见的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害天气。对此次冰冻灾害进行了分析并与历史同期进行了比较,结果表明：此次冰冻灾害天气的主要特征是影响范围广、持续时间长、灾害强度大。＂拉尼娜＂事件和大气环流异常为此次持续的灾害性天气提供了重要的气候背景,在此背景下欧亚大气环流的持续稳定则是此次湖南持续低温雨雪灾害的直接原因。通过对这次冰冻灾害的成因分析,得出了冰冻预报的着眼点,提出了各级气象台站如何做好预报预警服务的基本思路,为冰冻灾害天气的准确预报、预警服务提供参考,对各级台站重大灾害性天气的预报服务和应急响应,具有重要的指导意义。     

京津冀生态屏障区人类活动对生态安全的影响

使用SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）和InVEST（Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs）模型分别模拟计算了滦河和潮河流域水源涵养、面源污染、干旱特征和生境质量等指标,在此基础上使用压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型建立了生态安全评价体系,以面源污染、生境质量和土地利用特征等人类活动对生态安全的影响作为切入点,以子流域为评价单元,评价了研究区生态安全,分析了各层指标对生态安全的影响.结果表明,2010年和2015年研究区总体生态安全状态等级均为敏感级,生态安全评分综合指数分别为0.50和0.48.研究区生态系统整体较为稳定,空间上各子流域之间生态安全状态存在较大差异.面源污染和城镇扩张等人类活动对生态安全的影响较大.林地和草地评分较低,可能与种植结构和景观格局有关.水源涵养量值增加和生境稀缺性值下降,说明加大水源涵养能力建设和降低生境稀缺性是提高生态安全的有效措施.     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.