现代竹结构在汶川地震灾后重建中的应用

竹结构安置房经济合理,安全舒适,符合环保要求.现代竹结构本身也是一种新型的绿色可持续建筑技术.采用竹结构抗震安置房可以利用包括四川灾区的丰富竹资源,因地制宜抗震救灾,恢复灾区的生活.文章提出试制经济、安全和实用的竹木住宅用于灾后重建家园.     

基于AVHRR和DEM的重庆城市热岛效应分析

为研究复杂地形上城市热岛(UHI)的特点和变化规律,给城市生态环境分析提供依据,使用重庆市2006年14个时相的NOAA/AVHRR（美国国家海洋大气局/改进的甚高分辨率辐射计）卫星遥感数据和数字高程模型（DEM）,得到研究区域的亮温场,并参照热力学概念和模型,根据当地高程,以海拔 300 m 为基准高度将亮温场计算成位温场。结果表明：（1）计算后山脉、河谷处的温度场普遍改变;山脉植被对下垫面的降温作用明显;白天UHI范围较大,长江和嘉陵江河谷对UHI的切隔作用显著;夜间嘉陵江两侧的UHI趋为一体,范围缩小;（2）7月 25～26日存在多个UHI中心,下午和凌晨最大强度分别为64℃和22℃,平均值分别为605℃和205℃,昼夜平均为405℃;（3）夏、秋季白天和夜间平均最大强度分别为523℃和329℃;（4）重庆UHI强度白天大于夜间,与成都的同类研究结果相同;但夏、秋季的平均最大强度为426℃,小于成都的650℃。     

缺氧-好氧生物滤池中高效菌对活性红KN-3B的降解特性

为了研究高效脱色菌在缺氧好氧生物滤池（A/O biofilter）中对偶氮染料的降解特性,以活性红KN-3B（C.I. reactive red 180）为降解对象,缺氧生物滤池以火山碎石为填料,接种高效脱色菌CK3柯氏柠檬酸杆菌启动,好氧生物滤池以牡蛎壳为填料,接种污水处理厂活性污泥启动。试验考察了不同工况下缺氧-好氧生物滤池对色度和COD的去除效果,结果表明：生物滤池中微生物对偶氮染料活性红KN-3B的脱色和对COD降解的最适pH条件为弱酸性;缺氧滤池中高效菌对色度的去除需要外加碳源,且增加外加碳源有助于脱色率的提高;该高效菌为耐盐菌,当进水NaCl浓度达30 g/L时,色度去除率仍可达93%以上;当染料负荷达500 mg/L时,脱色率仍可达95%。通过紫外-可见扫描图谱分析初步推断CK-3柯氏柠檬酸杆菌对偶氮染料活性红KN-3B的脱色主要是生物降解作用。     

大型梯级水库对河流生态流量的影响——以金沙江下游梯级为例

大型梯级水库通常具有较大的调节库容,水库运行使坝下河道自然的流量过程受到较大扰动,一些具有重要生态意义的流量组的特征被改变,如洪水、高流量脉动、低流量和极端低流量。基于BRAIN等提出的河流生态流量影响研究理论,结合金沙江屏山断面的水文与河流生态的关系,选取水平年组对高流量脉动和极端低流量组的判别参数进行率定,确定自然条件下屏山断面生态流量组指标值。模拟金沙江下游梯级建成后的逐日流量过程,求得各生态流量组指标值并与自然条件下的指标值进行对比,分析金沙江下游“乌东德-白鹤滩-溪洛渡-向家坝”梯级水库建成后可能对屏山断面生态流量过程的影响。研究结果表明：建库后屏山断面将可能出现“极端低流量消失、低流量提高、高流量脉动散化、洪水基本保持”的变化特点.     

Atmospheric mercury emission from artisanal mercury mining in Guizhou Province,Southwestern China

Mercury (Hg) mining is an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric Hg emissions. The Guizhou Province in Southwestern China is a region with extensive artisanal mercury mining (AMM), but little Hg emission data from this area is available. Using a mass balance method, we estimated emission factors from artisanal mercury mining in Wuchuan mercury mining area (WMMA) and Gouxi area (GX). Average emission factors were 18.2% in WMMA (ranging from 6.9% to 32.1%) and 9.8% in GX (ranging from 6.6% to 14.5%), respectively, which were 2.2–36.4 times higher than the literature values used to estimate Hg emission from Hg mining. Furthermore, the average Hg emission factor of AMM in WMMA was much higher than that in GX, indicating that double condensation processes practiced in GX resulted in higher recoveries and lower emission factors compared to single condensation process applied in WMMA. Atmospheric Hg emission was estimated to be 3.7–9.6 metric tons in 2004 for WMMA and 1.3–2.7 metric tons in 2006 for GX, indicating artisanal Hg mining was an important atmospheric Hg emission source in the study area.     

用直接加热代替水浴加热测定高锰酸盐指数

在地表水高锰酸盐指数酸性法分析中,通过对2种加热方法的实验对比,结果表明,直接加热法具有省时、省力,且精密度、准确度均能满足环境监测规范要求等优点,特别适用于大批量样品分析。     

A novel approach to evaluation of adsorbents for sampling indoor volatile organic compounds associated with symptom reports

This article addresses problems that complicate attempts to compare methods when several factors may be associated with an effect, but it is not known which factors are relevant. Chemicals that may contribute to 'sick building syndrome' (SBS), and thus should be sampled in investigations of SBS, are not currently known. A study was undertaken to compare the utility of three adsorbents (Carbopack B, Chromosorb 106 and Tenax TA) for detecting differences in personal chemical exposure to volatile organic compounds in indoor air, between persons with and without SBS symptoms (cases and controls). On the basis of office workers' responses to a questionnaire, 15 cases and 15 controls were chosen. They simultaneously carried diffusive samplers with adsorbents during a week at work, and the acquired samples were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The adsorbents were then compared in terms of their ability to separate cases and controls in partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models. This method of comparison takes into account detected differences in chemical exposure between cases and controls measured with the different adsorbents. Tenax TA gave the best PLS-DA models for separating cases and controls, but a combination of measurements with Tenax TA and Carbopack B gave better PLS-DA models than models based on measurements from either adsorbent alone. Adding measurements from Chromosorb 106 did not improve the results.     

湖北省农地利用碳排放时空特征与脱钩弹性研究

基于化肥、农药、农膜、农用柴油、翻耕、稻田6个主要方面的碳源,测算了湖北省1995~2009年及其地、市、州2008年的农地利用碳排放量。结果表明：（1）自1995年以来,湖北农地利用碳排量总体呈现“上升-下降-上升”的三阶段特征,其碳排放强度变化轨迹与此基本一致。（2）区域差异明显：农地碳排放总量,江汉平原、鄂东北地区高,鄂西、鄂东南地区较低;农地碳排放强度,总体呈现东高西低的特征,即鄂东>鄂中>鄂西。进一步运用Tapio脱钩模型对湖北省农地利用碳排放与农业经济发展间的脱钩关系进行了研究,发现以弱脱钩和强脱钩为主,可见近些年来农地利用碳减排取得了一定成效     

地铁盾构施工泡沫剂改良土体控制渗害的试验研究

地铁建设中地下水影响是环境损伤事故最重要的诱因,分析了近年地铁施工及渗害诱发地层沉降、建筑坍塌的典型工程事故。鉴于泡沫剂改良渣土是盾构隧道施工中维护开挖面稳定及控制地层渗害的极端重要性,研制了一种新型泡沫剂发泡装置,进行了泡沫剂改良地层的系列实验研究,获得了泡沫剂对粘性土和砂土的渗透性影响、流动性影响的实验规律,可为盾构施工中开挖面稳定性与渗害控制提供重要依据。     

Geochemical anomalies from bottom ash in a road construction--comparison of the leaching potential between an ash road and the surroundings

A study was performed between June 2001 and December 2004 with the primary objective of assessing long-term leaching from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in a test road construction in relation to a reference road made up of conventional materials and the natural geochemical conditions in the surroundings. The metal leaching from the test road and the reference road was compared with the natural weathering in the regional surroundings for three time scales: 16, 80 and 1000 years. The results show that Cu and Zn cause a geochemical anomaly from the test road compared with the surroundings. The leaching of Cu from the test road is initially high but will decline with time and will in the long term be exceeded by natural weathering. Zn on the other hand has low initial leaching, which will increase with time and will in the long term exceed that of the test road and the surroundings by a factor of 100-300. For the other metals studied, Al, Na, K and Mg, there is only very limited leaching over time and the potential accumulation will not exceed the background values in a 1000 years.