基于仿真实验的导轨结合面刚度建模方法研究

以分形理论和分形理论与域扩展因子为基础,设计了四种导轨动态接触刚度的理论计算模型,并将结果分别应用于仿真分析中,获得了四种不同方案下的有限元仿真分析结果;设计搭建了一种仅含导轨结合面的实验平台,并进行了模态试验;通过各方案仿真分析结果与实验的比较,获得了导轨结合面刚度建模方法的最优方案。     

底泥性质对重金属生物淋滤效果的影响

生物淋滤技术是一项可以将重金属从污染底泥或土壤中分离出来的环境修复技术,具有反应温和、耗酸少、运行成本较低、去除效率高,以及脱毒后底泥的脱水性能好等优点。然而,底泥成分复杂、流域特异性高,这使得相似的生物淋滤工艺对不同底泥的重金属去除效果不尽相同、淋滤技术的工艺参数标准化难度增加。综述了底泥性质对淋滤反应的3方面影响:底泥中的有机质与酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)会改变重金属的形态;pH、可还原性硫、水溶性有机物(DOM)会对淋滤功能菌的活性产生影响;底泥粒度和耗酸能力(ACC)也会影响重金属的化学淋出效果。在此基础上提出今后该技术有待开展的研究内容,以期为该技术的进一步推广应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

两种电压模式下GIS内部异物动态特性研究

异物是引发GIS设备内部击穿故障最主要的原因之一,运行电压下GIS设备内部异物受电场力作用发生随机运动,现场检测难以确定内部异物的特征。本文针对GIS设备内部异物开展力学特性分析,建立126 kV GIS等效模型,并仿真比对交流电压及脉冲电压作用下GIS内部异物的动态轨迹。研究结果表明交流电压下GIS设备内部异物颗粒的跳动轨迹呈现无规律特征,施加特定脉冲电压条件作用时,GIS内部异物跳动规律可控,其跳动高度及时间间隔基本一致。     

750kVGIS隔离开关用绝缘拉杆炸裂原因分析

盆式绝缘子、绝缘拉杆、支柱绝缘子等绝缘件作为GIS设备内部重要的绝缘、传动部件,故障率仅次于异物放电。通过绝缘拉杆运动特性分析、X射线成像检测、异物分析、微观分析、电场仿真分析等方法,对一起750 kV GIS 设备隔离开关交接试验过程击穿炸裂进行分析。针对分析结果给出了隔离开关的故障原因为连接机构侧的绝缘管粘接面加工操作不当造成了绝缘管层间疏松,导致粘接面存在气隙缺陷,缺陷逐渐延伸扩展,最终诱发绝缘拉杆层间连续放电通道。     

地下铀矿山留矿法采场受限空间内氡迁移的数值模拟

为研究铀矿山留矿法采场氡迁移规律,依据留矿法采场的构造和物理几何尺寸,建立了受限空间内颗粒堆积型射气介质气体流动的数学模型和氡迁移方程,以10 m和20 m高爆破矿堆为对象,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,研究了不同通风条件下采场中氡的迁移规律。结果表明:1)采场下行通风方式降低矿堆上部作业空间氡浓度的效果优于上行通风方式,但对采场运输巷道氡浓度的效果相反;采场排风氡浓度与采场通风风量成反比,氡析出份额与通风风量成正比;2)在相同通风风量下,10 m高爆破矿堆与20 m高爆破矿堆氡析出份额之差随通风风流量增长而逐渐缩小;3)均压通风对渗透率高(k=1×10-8m2)的采场排风氡浓度、矿堆氡析出份额有明显影响。     

Design,Modelling and Assessment of Emission Scenarios Resulting from a Network of Wood Biomass Boilers

The use of wood biomass as a fuel for domestic and industrial heating systems allows for a reduction of CO₂ emissions at a global scale, but it may also result in worse local air quality conditions, due to their emissions of particulate matter. The aim of this study is to assess the actual trend of atmospheric pollution in a study area, assuming that all heating systems are replaced by small size biomass boilers linked to the buildings through district heating network. Ground level concentrations of particulate matter, emitted by different heating systems, are therefore evaluated through numerical simulations performed by means of an atmospheric dispersion model (Sirane). As a first step, we have compared the environmental impact of a woodchip boilers network with that given by the use of traditional heating systems, i.e. wood stoves and natural gas boilers. As a second step, we have analysed the impact of such a network taking into account different emission scenarios, related to different boilers operating conditions. Results show that the environmental performances of a woodchip boilers network can be optimized by combining it with other renewable sources of energy devoted to the supply of hot water. The adopted analysis methodology can be applied to other real or hypothetic punctual sources on the territory.     

三峡库区消落带农用坡地磷素径流流失特征

消落带是三峡库区重要的生态交错带,但自发农用和无序开发可能会造成更多的氮磷流失,进而加剧三峡库区水体富营养化。通过对库区连续3 a的定位监测（2011~2013年）,研究了三峡库区消落带农用坡地的磷素流失特征。结果表明：次降雨事件中常规施肥处理的地表径流、壤中流总磷平均浓度分别为0.848±0.153、0.140±0.006 mg/L,其中地表径流中磷的形态以颗粒态为主,壤中流以溶解态的生物可利用磷为主。常规施肥下,地表径流、壤中流磷素年均流失通量分别为0.236±0.004、0.100±0.003 kg·hm 2,地表径流、壤中流磷素流失通量分别占总流失通量的70.2%、29.8%,地表径流是坡地磷素流失的主要途径,但壤中流也是不可忽视的重要途径。与常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥处理地表径流、壤中流磷素流失量分别降低了45.3%、40.0%。建议采取减量施肥的方式,以降低营养盐负荷,保护水环境。     

Correction to: Opportunities to reduce nutrient inputs to the Baltic Sea by improving manure use efficiency in agriculture

While progress has been made in reducing external nutrient inputs to the Baltic Sea, further actions are needed to meet the goals of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), especially for the Baltic Proper, Gulf of Finland, and Gulf of Riga sub-basins. We used the net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs (NANI and NAPI, respectively) nutrient accounting approach to construct three scenarios of reduced NANI-NAPI. Reductions assumed that manure nutrients were redistributed from areas with intense animal production to areas that focus on crop production and would otherwise import synthetic and mineral fertilizers. We also used the Simple as Necessary Baltic Long Term Large Scale (SANBALTS) model to compare eutrophication conditions for the scenarios to current and BSAP-target conditions. The scenarios suggest that reducing NANI-NAPI by redistributing manure nutrients, together with improving agronomic practices, could meet 54–82% of the N reductions targets (28–43 kt N reduction) and 38–64% P reduction targets (4–6.6 kt P reduction), depending on scenario. SANBALTS output showed that even partial fulfillment of nutrient reduction targets could have ameliorating effects on eutrophication conditions. Meeting BSAP targets will require addressing additional sources, such as sewage. A common approach to apportioning sources to external nutrients loads could enable further assessment of the feasibility of eutrophication management targets.

     

蓝藻资源化技术研究及应用进展

针对蓝藻资源化问题,概述国内外利用蓝藻制备有机肥、提取高纯度藻蓝蛋白、制备活性炭和藻粉这4种利用方式的特点、现状及应用进展。提出,应从高温好氧堆肥技术、藻蓝蛋白提取技术和藻水分离技术这3个方面,解决其关键技术问题并进行进一步研究开发。