深圳市城市绿地土壤中重金属的含量及化学形态分布

对深圳市中心区城市绿地表层土壤(0-20cm)中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量、化学形态分布和迁移性进行研究.结果表明,土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量分别为6.4-188.2(26.3)mg·kg-1,34.9-284.8(69.1)mg·kg-1,15.2-245.5(47.2)mg·kg-1和0.01-3.48(0.47)mg·kg-1.道路绿化带土壤中Cu,Zn和Pb的平均含量最高,在公园绿地土壤中Cd的平均含量最高.分别有75.6%,87.0%,98.8%和98.8%的土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量超过广东省赤红壤的背景值,重金属在土壤中呈现明显的富集特征.土壤中Cu,Zn和Cd以残渣态所占比例最高,Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态最高.随着土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量的增加其残渣态所占比例降低,铁锰氧化物结合态或交换态所占比例增加,重金属活性增大.土壤中Cd迁移能力最强,迁移能力依次为Cd>Zn>Pb和Cu.     

蒽与DNA碱基胸腺嘧啶相互作用的分析

利用紫外、红外和荧光光谱法研究DNA碱基胸腺嘧啶与蒽的相互作用以及由此引起的胸腺嘧啶结构变化,荧光猝灭实验测得二者的结合常数为9.6×103L·mol-1;紫外差谱结果显示,蒽与胸腺嘧啶的作用对共轭系统的π-π跃迁产生了影响;蒽与胸腺嘧啶混合物的红外光谱显示胸腺嘧啶的N-H和C=O振动峰以及环的面外变形振动峰均发生位移,表明二者之间可能以面对面相平行的方式发生了π-π电子给体受体作用,作用结果导致胸腺嘧啶环上电子云密度增大.     

Fixation and partitioning of heavy metals in slag after incineration of sewage sludge

Fixation of heavy metals in the slag produced during incineration of sewage sludge will reduce emission of the metals to the atmosphere and make the incineration process more environmentally friendly. The effects of incineration conditions (incineration temperature 500-1100°C, furnace residence time 0-60min, mass fraction of water in the sludge 0-75%) on the fixation rates and species partitioning of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni in slag were investigated. When the incineration temperature was increased from 500 to 1100°C, the fixation rate of Cd decreased from 87% to 49%, while the fixation rates of Cu and Mn were stable. The maximum fixation rates for Pb and Zn and for Ni and Cr were reached at 900 and 1100°C, respectively. The fixation rates of Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr and Zn decreased as the residence time increased. With a 20min residence time, the fixation rates of Pb and Mn were low. The maximum fixation rates of Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr were achieved when the mass fraction of water in the sludge was 55%. The fixation rate of Cd decreased as the water mass fraction increased, while the fixation rate of Pb increased. Partitioning analysis of the metals contained in the slag showed that increasing the incineration temperature and residence time promoted complete oxidation of the metals. This reduced the non-residual fractions of the metals, which would lower the bioavailability of the metals. The mass fraction of water in the sludge had little effect on the partitioning of the metals. Correlation analysis indicated that the fixation rates of heavy metals in the sludge and the forms of heavy metals in the incinerator slag could be controlled by optimization of the incineration conditions. These results show how the bioavailability of the metals can be reduced for environmentally friendly disposal of the incinerator slag.     

Life cycle assessment of TV sets in China: A case study of the impacts of CRT monitors

Along with the rapid increase in both production and use of TV sets in China, there is an increasing awareness of the environmental impacts related to the accelerating mass production, electricity use, and waste management of these sets. This paper aims to describe the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate the environmental performance of Chinese TV sets. An assessment of the TV set device (focusing on the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor) was carried out using a detailed modular LCA based on the international standards of the ISO 14040 series. The LCA was constructed using SimaPro software version 7.2 and expressed with the Eco-indicator' 99 life cycle impact assessment method. For a sensitivity analysis of the overall LCA results, the CML method was used in order to estimate the influence of the choice of the assessment method on the results. Life cycle inventory information was compiled by Ecoinvent 2.2 databases, combined with literature and field investigations on the current Chinese situation. The established LCA study shows that the use stage of such devices has the highest environmental impact, followed by the manufacturing stage. In the manufacturing stage, the CRT and the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) are those components contributing the most environmental impacts. During the use phase, the environmental impacts are due entirely to the methods of electricity generation used to run them, since no other aspects were taken into account for this phase. The final processing step-the end-of-life stage-can lead to a clear environmental benefit when the TV sets are processed through the formal dismantling enterprises in China.     

有机磷阻燃剂生产废水预处理工艺研究

采用液膜萃取—酸析沉降—络合萃取组合工艺对有机磷阻燃剂生产废水进行预处理.最佳工艺条件为:液膜萃取时,液膜油相(表面活性剂与煤油的混合液)与内水相(H2SO4溶液)的体积比2∶1、乳化液膜与废水的体积比1∶8、废水pH 13.0,硫酸体积分数10％、煤油中表面活性剂质量浓度30 g/L、液膜萃取时间 15 min;酸析沉降时,废水pH l.0,酸析沉降时间30 min;络合萃取时,络合萃取剂(烷基叔胺N235与煤油的混合液)中烷基叔胺N235体积分数30％,络合萃取剂与废水的体积比1∶4,废水pH l.0,络合萃取时间30 min.在此最佳处理条件下,废水COD总去除率可达93％,吡啶去除率达99.9％以上,总磷去除率可达97％,BOD5/COD提高至0.32,有利于后续生化处理.     

钛基IrO2-RuO2阳极电解处理亚甲基蓝溶液

采用钛基IrO2-RuO2为阳极材料,不锈钢为阴极材料,NaCl质量浓度为10 g/L的溶液为电解液,对亚甲基蓝溶液进行电化学处理。实验结果表明:处理初始质量浓度为25 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,电解电流0.050 A,电解20 min后亚甲基蓝去除率达95%;处理初始质量浓度为100 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,电解电流0.100 A,电解30 min后亚甲基蓝去除率达98%。随着电解时间和电解电流的增加,亚甲基蓝去除率均增大。     

大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯废水

采用大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)废水。大孔树脂吸附工段的最佳实验条件为:以树脂NDA88为吸附剂,废水pH为2。NDA88经过10批次的连续使用,COD去除率基本稳定在58%左右,脱附率可达96%以上,吸附后废水COD为12 000 mg/L左右。Fenton试剂氧化工段的最佳实验条件为:H2O2加入量70 mL/L,n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=4,废水pH 4。在此最佳条件下进行实验,Fenton试剂氧化工段COD去除率达65%,处理后废水COD为4 200 mg/L。     

纳滤膜处理含锰废水

采用纳滤膜处理电解锰生产过程中产生的含锰废水,考察了操作压力、阻垢剂和反冲洗等因素对膜通量和各金属离子截留率的影响。实验结果表明:操作压力越大,膜通量越大,且膜通量随运行时间延长下降得越快;在操作压力为2.0 MPa的条件下,纳滤膜对Mg2+的截留率为90.69%,对Mn2+的截留率为89.72%,对Ca2+的截留率最高,达100%;加入阻垢剂后,纳滤膜的膜通量比未加入阻垢剂时的膜通量略大;反冲洗4次后,膜通量均可完全恢复。     

我国地方机动车船排放标准制定工作纳入法制轨道

《地方机动车大气污染物排放标准审批办法》和《大气污染防治法》的贯彻实施,使我国机动车、船污染防治工作和国家排放标准体系的发展步入法制化良性发展轨道。     

可持续发展与产业结构优化

可持续发展要求产业结构合理化、高度化、形成能够发挥资源禀赋比较优势的产业结构和发展环保产业,但是我国目前存在产业结构不合理、重复建设严重、地区产业结构趋同、产业技术水平低、第三产业发展不足、高新技术产业和环保产业发展滞后等情况,极不利于社会经济的可持续发展。为了真正的实现可持续发展,必须努力调整产业结构,淘汰落后过剩的生产能力,促进产业结构升级,大力发展第三产业、环保产业和高新技术产业。