传统给水处理厂氯消毒模型的开发与应用

以建立给水处理过程的风险分析方法为目标,提出了适用于传统给水处理工艺的氯消毒概率机理模型.模型既考虑氯消毒过程中有机物、余氯、氨氮、溴离子之间化学反应,又考虑水厂混凝、沉淀和过滤工艺过程中的物理和生物作用.典型水厂的现场监测数据表明,该模型能够较好地模拟水厂中高锰酸盐指数、氨氮以及4种三卤甲烷的浓度概率分布.Monte Carlo模拟的结果表明,与我国城市供水水质标准相比,该水厂高锰酸盐指数和单种三卤甲烷的超标概率极低,但总三卤甲烷的超标概率略高,约为2.3%.     

曝气生物滤池处理医院污水的实验应用研究

采用曝气生物滤池与二氧化氯相结合的工艺处理医院污水。主要对曝气生物滤池去除COD、氨氮的效果进行了研究,并且在实际应用中证明了用这种相结合的处理方法具有一次投资小、运行费用低、年经济效益高等优点,有良好的技术经济性。     

如何防止运动性腹痛

参与您所喜爱并力所能及的运动时．如跑步、打球、练拳、游泳、登山、骑自行车等．它们能帮助人抵抗疾病．主要是运动能使体内产生“致热原”有关。人在运动时,由于肌肉活动加强,体内产生大量热量,并使体温升高．据测定．慢速长跑后腋下温度可升到37．5-38℃。这种热在运动结束后还会持续一段时间。正常情况下,人的体温为37℃。一旦病毒、病菌侵入人体引起感染．体内就会产生一种奇妙的物     

Structure and function of the eversible organs of several genera of larval firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Larval defensive behaviour and eversible organ morphology were compared in the firefly species Luciola cruciata Motschulsky 1854, L. lateralis Motschulsky 1860, L. leii Fu et Ballantyne 2006, Lampyris noctiluca Linnaeus 1767, Pyrocoelia analis Fabricius 1801, P. pectoralis Oliver 1883, P. sp. and two Diaphanes species. In all cases the eversible organs are located on the pleural cuticle, dorsal to the spiracle, but there is considerable variation between species in their number, size and shape. In La. noctiluca they are confined to the abdomen, whereas in the other species they also occur on the meta- and mesothorax. In La. noctiluca and the Pyrocoelia species the organs are columnar in shape, contrasting with the forked organs of the Luciola and Diaphanes species. The eversible organs of the Luciola species, which are all aquatic, are remarkably larger (relative to body length) than those of the other, terrestrial species. On organ eversion the Luciola species emit an odour resembling pine oil, the Diaphanes species smell weakly of mint and L. noctiluca and the Pyrocoelia species produce no discernible scent, though ants are nonetheless repelled by contact with everted L. noctiluca organs. The organs of all the species studied support protuberances on their external surface, though these too vary in shape, size and ornamentation between species. In all species except L. noctiluca each protuberance is connected to a well-developed globular body via a long, thick stalk. Circular foveae are located in the centres of these globular bodies. The globular bodies consist of secretory cells characterized by the presence of numerous mitochondria and an extensive system of cisternae and tubular endoplasmic reticulum. Behavioural tests revealed that small larvae run away instead of becoming immobile and glowing, whereas large larvae start to glow when disturbed. The study shows that the eversible larval organs form an important part of a defensive arsenal in the Lampyridae.     

广州大气低分子量羰基化合物的季节变化

对广州市区荔湾和五山两个代表性采样点的低分子量羰基化合物(甲醛、乙醛、丙酮和丙醛)进行了季节变化研究.实验方法是应用羰基化合物和2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)迅速反应生成衍生物,产物在高效液相色谱上检测.按冬、夏两季进行样品采集,每次连续采样4 d.研究发现丙酮质量浓度最高,其次是甲醛和乙醛.夏季的羰基化合物质量浓度值高于冬季的.除丙酮外,甲醛、乙醛、丙醛的质量浓度是荔湾采样点高于五山采样点.甲醛/乙醛、乙醛/丙醛质量浓度比值显示广州大气中羰基化合物主要与人为来源有关.羰基化合物之间的相关性冬季好于夏季,暗示羰基化合物冬季来源比夏季简单.羰基化合物的来源主要有汽车排放、大气光化学反应,还可能与植物排放、烟草烟气、实验室所用溶剂有关.     

干降尘中高分子有机质的组成及其来源

大气降尘作为地气交换的一种重要物质,一直受到研究学者的关注.传统研究较多的是无机元素和小分子有机物,对于占干降尘有机质中相当部分的高分子有机质研究很少,因此研究降尘原样中有机大分子的组成和来源有着重要意义.用裂解-气相色谱-质谱(pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,Py-GC-MS)技术对分别代表市区和郊区的五山和大学城两个采样点冬夏两季样品中的高分子有机质的组成和来源进行探讨表明,有来源于多糖类的化合物、来源于木质素类的化合物、来源于蛋白质/氨基酸类的化合物、脂肪酸、正构烷烃/烯烃以及一些不能确定其来源的化合物,其中正构烷烃/烯烃和芳香化合物是干降尘中高分子有机质的主要裂解产物.研究同时表明其来源首先取决于采样点的环境,同时也会受到气候的影响.     

典型污水处理厂中多环麝香的污染特征

多环麝香在日常生活中被广泛使用,在生产和使用过程中会经过污水处理系统而进入环境中.研究了日用化妆品生产工厂排放的多环麝香在污水处理系统中污水和污泥的污染特征.在大型日用化妆品生产工厂污水处理厂的污水和污泥中均检测出较高浓度的多环麝香,HHCB和AHTN是两种主要污染物.其中多环麝香在污水处理系统进水中质量浓度范围为4.7(AHMI)～550 μg·L-1(HHCB),出水中质量浓度范围为:低于检测限(AHMI)～32.1μg·L-1(HHCB),污泥(干物质量)中多环麝香的含量范围为1.78(AHMI)～566 mg·kg-1(HHCB).污水处理系统污水中多环麝香的去除效率非常高,达到了90%以上,然而,污泥中却富集了大量的多环麝香,表明污水中的多环麝香很大一部分转移到了污泥中,从而可能成为环境中一种潜在的多环麝香污染源.     

颗粒物上十溴联苯醚的光降解反应

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物,由于其持久性、毒性和潜在的生物累积性而备受关注.商业上主要使用的是十溴联苯醚(BDE-209),但是环境中检测出大量的较低溴代联苯醚,有可能来源于环境中BDE-209的光化学降解.研究在自行设计的光降解反应装置中,以太阳光和紫外灯(主波长为365 nm)为光源,对负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209进行照射实验.光照6 h后发现,负载在硅胶上的BDE-209(0.2 mg·g-1)在太阳光照射下,半衰期为35 min,而在紫外灯下仅为10 min;在紫外灯照射下负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209(0.4 mg·g-1)的半衰期为18 min.在不同光源或颗粒物中,BDE-209都发生了脱溴反应,生成较低溴代产物.暗反应表明,负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209都没有发生光降解.这些结果表明,吸附在颗粒物气溶胶上BDE-209的光降解反应,可能是环境中BDE-209的一个重要归趋,同时,其产物可能是环境中低溴代联苯醚的一个重要来源.     

Modelling tritrophic interactions mediated by induced defence volatiles

Many plant species defend themselves against herbivorous insects indirectly by producing and releasing induced volatiles to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. In this paper, we consider the recruitment of natural enemies attracted by plant-induced volatiles and introduce the An–Liu–Johnson–Lovett model into the Lotka–Volterra model in an attempt to add this missing vital link in tritrophic interaction. Increase in attraction strength of plant-induced volatiles to the natural enemy leads to high fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population. When the attack strength of natural enemies reaches a certain level, fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population will decrease and plant biomass will approach to its environmental carrying capacity. The simulation demonstrates that plant volatile compounds induced by insects have led to the introduction of a third tritrophic level, e.g., natural enemies, into the plant–herbivore system, resulting in the coexistence of plants, insects, and natural enemies during the evolution process.     

长江流域可持续发展的基础与资源环境适应性评价

长江流域丰富的可再生资源和环境资源与较多的非再生资源为实现可持续发展提供了基础,但由于长期以来对生态环境的 视可持发展的基础受到不同程度的削弱,为了提高长江流域可持续发展的能力,应加强３个方面保障能力的建设;（１）基础设施在加强现有长江航道建设,提高长江航运能力的同时,加快长江流域东西向陆路通道道的建设将成为制约地区经济发展的关键;（２）能源：提高现有资源利用效率,加强对箍江中上游地区水电资源的开