松花江流域面源污染特征与防治对策

在概述松花江流域水环境状况的基础上,分析了其面源污染的特征,农药流失、超量和不合理施用化肥、规模化养殖、生产、生活污水排放是流域面源污染的主要来源。结合面源污染特征等因素,有针对性地确定治理技术,如加强对面源污染防治工作重要性的认识、作好面源污染监测和防治技术示范推广工作、发展循环型农业等,提出了保护与治理可行的污染防治对策。     

蒽生物降解及其动力学分析

从长期被石油污染的土壤中分离了一株优势菌,经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌,研究了该菌株对蒽的降解性能,结果发现该菌株对蒽有良好的降解效果。经过147h的降解,蒽的浓度从100mg/L降至27.5mg/L,降解了72.5mg/L,降解率达72.5%,显示了极强的降蒽能力。同时,进行了动力学分析,结果表明蒽的残留浓度Y(mg/L)与时间t(h)符合方程Y=90.4322e(-0.0098)x。     

综合水质标识指数法在海拉尔河水质评价中的应用研究

水质评价是水环境治理的重要基础性工作.水质综合标识指数法涵盖了综合水质类别、定量污染程度、水环境功能区达标等信息,是将定性与定量评价相结合,能够对综合水质做出合理的解释,不会因个别指标导致过分评价.研究将海拉尔河划分为3个控制单元,根据2003年-2012年水质监测数据,采用综合水质标识指数法识别各控制单元主要污染因子,并分析海拉尔河水质时空变化规律.研究结果表明海拉尔河从上游至下游综合水质标识指数逐渐升高,上游水质较好,中游和下游主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数和COD.2003年-2012年,海拉尔河高锰酸钾指数、BOD5、氨氮和总磷的污染减轻,化学需氧量污染略微减轻但仍存在超标风险.     

餐饮源油烟中PM2.5的化学组分特征

集中分析了餐饮无组织排放源(街边小吃、火锅店、露天烧烤)及有组织排放源(10家大中型餐馆)油烟PM_2.5中的TC(总碳)、元素组分、离子组分和16种PAHs,得到了各类餐饮源油烟PM_2.5的化学组成特征,建立了餐饮源油烟化学成分谱. 结果表明:各餐饮源油烟的ρ(PM_2.5)是大气背景值的3~42倍,其中露天烧烤油烟的ρ(PM_2.5)最高,达5 659.8 μg/m3. 不同餐饮源油烟的PM_2.5中各化学组分均为w(TC)(38.1%~75.8%)＞w(元素组分)(4.5%~27.0%)＞w(离子组分)(2.7%~22.6%),并且ρ(PM_2.5)与w(TC)呈显著正相关(R=0.84). 菲(PHE)、芘(PYR)、荧蒽(FLT)的质量分数在各类餐饮源油烟的PAHs中均普遍较高,分别为13.8%~21.6%、9.2%~26.5%、6.9%~22.0%.大中型餐馆油烟的PAHs中苯并苝(BPE)的质量分数最高(27.5%),而在其他餐饮源中均小于6.7%;(CHR)的质量分数最低(3.3%),而在其他餐饮源中均大于5.3%. 露天烧烤油烟的PAHs中芘、荧蒽的质量分数分别是其他餐饮源的2.7和2.3倍以上;萘(NAP)的质量分数(0.3%)较小,但在其他餐饮源中均大于11.4%,可以作为特定餐饮源油烟的特征物种.      

应用地质累积指数评价攀枝花地区土壤重金属污染

应用地质累积指数对攀枝花地区昔格达组粘土中重金属污染进行了评价研究。结果表明，各重金属元素污染较严重的地区分布在宝顶煤矿、太平煤矿、攀钢冶钢厂、攀钢矿山、尾矿坝等工矿区，污染较轻微的地区分布在红格、新九等农业区。各元素的污染程度上看，该区As和Cu污染较重，Cd,Pb,Zn次之，而Cr污染最轻微。     

Load estimation and source apportionment of nonpoint source nitrogen and phosphorus based on integrated application of SLURP model, ECM, and RUSLE: a case study in the Jinjiang River, China

The nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is difficult to manage and control due to its complicated generation and formation. Load estimation and source apportionment are an important and necessary process for efficient NPS control. Here, an integrated application of semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, export coefficients model (ECM), and revise universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) for the load estimation and source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus was proposed. The Jinjiang River (China) was chosen for the evaluation of the method proposed here. The chosen watershed was divided into 27 subbasins. After which, the SLURP model was used to calculate land use runoff and to estimate loads of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, and ECM was applied to estimate dissolved loads from livestock and rural domestic sewage. Next, the RUSLE was employed for load estimation of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that the 12,029.06 t?a^?1 pollution loads of total NPS nitrogen (TN) mainly originated from dissolved nitrogen (96.24 %). The major sources of TN were land use runoff, which accounted for 45.97 % of the total, followed by livestock (32.43 %) and rural domestic sewage (17.83 %). For total NPS phosphorous (TP), its pollution loads were 570.82 t?a^?1 and made up of dissolved and adsorbed phosphorous with 66.29 and 33.71 % respectively. Soil erosion, land use runoff, rural domestic sewage, and livestock were the main sources of phosphorus with contribution ratios of 33.71, 45.73, 14.32, and 6.24 % respectively. Therefore, land use runoff, livestock, and soil erosion were identified as the main pollution sources to influence loads of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus in the Jinjiang River and should be controlled first. The method developed here provided a helpful guideline for conducting NPS pollution management in similar watershed.     

过去百年吕梁山南端油松生长特征及其与气候变化的关系

理解树木生长对气候变化和人类活动干扰的响应有助于未来森林管理和双碳政策的落实。本文基于采自吕梁山南端的油松（Pinus tabuliformis Carr.）树轮样本建立了标准树轮宽度年表。通过Pearson相关分析发现树轮年表对研究区3—7月土壤湿度（r=0.60,P<0.01,n=37）、5—6月平均最低温度（r=-0.37,P<0.01,n=63）和5月降水量（r=0.31,P<0.05,n=64）响应敏感,说明水分条件（降水和土壤湿度）是影响研究区油松径向生长的主要限制因子,温度则是通过调控土壤湿度进而影响树木径向生长过程。近百年来（1926—2011年）,研究区油松发生了三次生长释放事件（1932年,1977—1980年,2001—2011年）和一次生长抑制事件（1991—1994年）。生长释放事件在次数、持续时间和发生强度上都高于生长抑制事件。适宜（不适宜）的水热组合能够促进生长释放（抑制）,人类活动干扰也能够诱发生长事件。空间相关分析揭示树轮年表与研究区及周边较大范围的气候环境变化密切相关。本研究对深入了解该地区油松树种生长特征及其对气候与人类活动干扰的...     

纳米金红石TiO2的转晶及声催化降解偶氮品红的研究

利用超声波结合过氧化氢(H2O2)使纳米金红石型TiO2转晶,制备出了大约含有30%锐钛相的转晶纳米TiO2.通过TiO2催化超声降解偶氮品红的研究证实了转晶纳米TiO2粉末具有明显的声催化活性.除此之外,还考察了各种因素对转晶纳米TiO2催化超声降解偶氮品红反应的影响.结果表明,在转晶纳米TiO2催化剂的作用下,偶氮品红的超声降解效果明显优于使用纳米金红石型和纳米锐钛型TiO2的情况.偶氮品红的声催化降解过程符合一级动力学反应.在超声波频率40 kHz、输出功率50 W、催化剂用量1000 mg·L-1、pH为5.00、温度为20℃、偶氮品红水溶液初始浓度20 mg·L-1的条件下,照射40 min时的降解率即可达到75%以上.     

Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China

A detailed investigation was conducted to understand the contamination characteristics of a selected set of potentially toxic metals in Shanghai. The amount of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni were determined from 273 soil/dust samples collected within urban area. The results indicated that concentration of all metals except Ni in soils was significant, and metal pollution was even severer in roadside dust. A series of metal spatial distribution maps were created through geostatistical analysis, and the pollution hotspots tended to associate with city core area, major road junctions, and the regions close to industrial zones. In attempt of identifying the source of metals through geostatistical and multivariate statistical analyses, it was concluded as follows: Pb, Zn and Cu mainly originated from traffic contaminants; soil Ni was associated with natural concentration; Cd largely came from point-sourced industrial pollution; and Cr, Ni in dust were mainly related to atmospheric deposition.     

泡沫分离—厌氧—好氧工艺处理表面活性剂废水

采用泡沫分离－厌氧－好氧工艺对高浓度的表面活性剂废水进行了研究。试验和工程运行结果表明，该废水经泡沫分离后浓缩液进入UASB厌氧反应器，可大大减小反应器的体积，厌氧出水再经过水解、接触氧化工艺处理，CODCr总去除率可达88.4%，各项指标均达到排放标准。