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221.
Leclaire S White J Arnoux E Faivre B Vetter N Hatch SA Danchin E 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2011,98(9):773-782
Carotenoid pigments are important for immunity and as antioxidants, and carotenoid-based colors are believed to provide honest
signals of individual quality. Other colorless but more efficient antioxidants such as vitamins A and E may protect carotenoids
from bleaching. Carotenoid-based colors have thus recently been suggested to reflect the concentration of such colorless antioxidants,
but this has rarely been tested. Furthermore, although evidence is accruing for multiple genetic criteria for mate choice,
carotenoid-based colors have rarely been shown to reflect both phenotypic and genetic quality. In this study, we investigated
whether gape, tongue, eye-ring, and bill coloration of chick-rearing black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla reflected circulating levels of carotenoids and vitamins A and E. We further investigated whether integument coloration reflected
phenotypic (body condition and fledging success) and genetic quality (heterozygosity). We found that the coloration of fleshy
integuments was correlated with carotenoid and vitamin A levels and fledging success but only in males. Furthermore, the coloration
of tongue and eye-ring was correlated with heterozygosity in both males and females. Integument colors might therefore be
reliable signals of individual quality used by birds to adjust their parental care during the chick-rearing period. 相似文献
222.
In this study, we investigate association patterns of 249 bottlenose dolphin feeding groups off Sardinia Island (Italy) from
January 2000–May 2007 and describe how their association behaviour is related to their response to food patches created by
a marine fin fish farm. We also tested the hypothesis that dolphins have different social structures with different feeding
activities: Associations should decrease during opportunistic feeding behaviours as it is easier to capture prey, and cooperation
is not as necessary. Sixteen individually identified bottlenose dolphins were observed participating in both opportunistic
and not opportunistic feeding activities, with a mean of 30 ± 8 times and 9.6 ± 1 times, respectively. Bottlenose dolphins
show non-random social behaviour during feeding and this behaviour differs depending on their specific foraging activity.
Dolphin associations during feeding can be divided into three categories: acquaintances, affiliates, and feeding associates.
Association behaviour during fish farm feeding is consistent with our hypothesis that during opportunistic behaviours, benefits
from cooperation decrease, as it is easier to capture prey. Group size homogeneity in both feeding activities demonstrates
that the number of dolphins engaging in foraging is not necessarily related with cooperation levels. Moreover, an adult dolphin
may prefer to associate with a specific individual, independent of the sex, who shares the same foraging priorities. This
study is the first to show how aquaculture is not only directly affecting marine predators but could also indirectly affect
their social structure and behaviour. 相似文献
223.
Although studies classify the polygynous mating system of a given species into female defense polygyny (FDP) or resource defense
polygyny (RDP), the boundary between these two categories is often slight. Males of some species may even shift between these
two types of polygyny in response to temporal variation in social and environmental conditions. Here, we examine the mating
system of the Neotropical harvestman Acutisoma proximum and, in order to assess if mate acquisition in males corresponds to FDP or RDP, we tested four contrasting predictions derived
from the mating system theory. At the beginning of the reproductive season, males fight with other males for the possession
of territories on the vegetation where females will later oviposit, as expected in RDP. Females present a marked preference
for specific host plant species, and males establish their territories in areas where these host plants are specially abundant,
which is also expected in RDP. Later in the reproductive season, males reduce their patrolling activity and focus on defending
individual females that are ovipositing inside their territories, as what occurs in FDP. This is the first described case
of an arachnid that exhibits a shift in mating system over the reproductive season, revealing that we should be cautious when
defining the mating system of a species based on few observations concentrated in a brief period.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
224.
We investigated the relationship between habitat association and physiological performance in four congeneric species pairs exhibiting contrasting distributions between seasonally flooded and terra firme habitats in lowland tropical rain forests of French Guiana, including Virola and Iryanthera (Myristicaceae), Symphonia (Clusiaceae), and Eperua (Caesalpiniaceae). We analyzed 10-year data sets of mapped and measured saplings (stems >150 cm in height and <10 cm diameter at breast height [dbh]) and trees (stems > or =10 cm dbh) across 37.5 ha of permanent plots covering a 300-ha zone, within which seasonally flooded areas (where the water table never descends below 1 m) have been mapped. Additionally, we tested the response of growth, survival, and leaf functional traits of these species to drought and flood stress in a controlled experiment. We tested for habitat preference using a modification of the torus translation method. Strong contrasting associations of the species pairs of Iryanthera, Virola, and Symphonia were observed at the sapling stage, and these associations strengthened for the tree stage. Neither species of Eperua was significantly associated with flooded habitats at the sapling stage, but E. falcata was significantly and positively associated with flooded forests at the tree stage, and trees of E. grandiflora were found almost exclusively in nonflooded habitats. Differential performance provided limited explanatory support for the observed habitat associations, with only congeners of Iryanthera exhibiting divergent sapling survival and tree growth. Seedlings of species associated with flooded forest tended to have higher photosynthetic capacity than their congeners at field capacity. In addition, they tended to have the largest reductions in leaf gas exchange and growth rate in response to experimental drought stress and the least reductions in response to experimental inundation. The corroboration of habitat association with differences in functional traits and, to a lesser extent, measures of performance provides an explanation for the regional coexistence of these species pairs. We suggest that specialization to seasonally flooded habitats may explain patterns of adaptive radiation in many tropical tree genera and thereby provide a substantial contribution to regional tree diversity. 相似文献
225.
Ait-Mouheb Nassim Bahri Akiça Thayer Bechir Ben Benyahia Boumediene Bourrié Guilhem Cherki Brahim Condom Nicolas Declercq Rémi Gunes Adem Héran Marc Kitir Nurgul Molle Bruno Patureau Dominique Pollice Alfieri Rapaport Alain Renault Pierre Riahi Khalifa Romagny Bruno Sari Tewfik Sinfort Carole Steyer Jean-Philippe Talozi Samer Topcuoglu Bulent Turan Metin Wéry Nathalie Yıldırım Ertan Harmand Jérôme 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):693-705
Regional Environmental Change - Climate change and a growing population around the Mediterranean Rim are increasing the need for water and, consequently, the pressure on resources in terms of both... 相似文献
226.
Ali Fadel Bruno J. Lemaire Brigitte Vinçon-Leite Ali Atoui Kamal Slim Bruno Tassin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(26):20934-20948
Many freshwater bodies worldwide that suffer from harmful algal blooms would benefit for their management from a simple ecological model that requires few field data, e.g. for early warning systems. Beyond a certain degree, adding processes to ecological models can reduce model predictive capabilities. In this work, we assess whether a simple ecological model without nutrients is able to describe the succession of cyanobacterial blooms of different species in a hypereutrophic reservoir and help understand the factors that determine these blooms. In our study site, Karaoun Reservoir, Lebanon, cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Microcystis aeruginosa alternatively bloom. A simple configuration of the model DYRESM-CAEDYM was used; both cyanobacteria were simulated, with constant vertical migration velocity for A. ovalisporum, with vertical migration velocity dependent on light for M. aeruginosa and with growth limited by light and temperature and not by nutrients for both species. The model was calibrated on two successive years with contrasted bloom patterns and high variations in water level. It was able to reproduce the measurements; it showed a good performance for the water level (root-mean-square error (RMSE) lower than 1 m, annual variation of 25 m), water temperature profiles (RMSE of 0.22–1.41 °C, range 13–28 °C) and cyanobacteria biomass (RMSE of 1–57 μg Chl a L?1, range 0–206 μg Chl a L?1). The model also helped understand the succession of blooms in both years. The model results suggest that the higher growth rate of M. aeruginosa during favourable temperature and light conditions allowed it to outgrow A. ovalisporum. Our results show that simple model configurations can be sufficient not only for theoretical works when few major processes can be identified but also for operational applications. This approach could be transposed on other hypereutrophic lakes and reservoirs to describe the competition between dominant phytoplankton species, contribute to early warning systems or be used for management scenarios. 相似文献
227.
Camila T. Marques Simone M. Golunski Bruno Venturin Aline F. Camargo Thamarys Scapini Daiane Baldissarelli Tatiani A. Modkovski Karina Paula Preczeski Camila Dalla Rosa Gean D. L. P. Vargas Jaqueline Garda Buffon Catiusa K. Rosin Alexandre Arenzon Altemir J. Mossi Helen Treichel 《环境质量管理》2017,27(2):25-31
The present study investigates the application of a noncommercial peroxidase enzyme, which was extracted from rice bran, to decolorize wastewater that was simulating effluent from a textile manufacturer using a red dye in its coloration process. 相似文献
228.
Bruno Takahashi Kanni Huang Frederick Fico David Poulson 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2017,11(1):106-121
This study focuses on the use of science sources as experts in news stories about climate change coverage in the Great Lakes region of the US and Canada. We examine, using the hierarchy of influences model, whether the use of scientific sources in climate change coverage may be related to factors such as geographic location, reporting frequency, and authorship, in the prestige press as well as regional and local media. The study found that as many or more non-scientists than scientists are selected as sources regardless of geographic location, reporting frequency, or authorship. However, the study also found that the more stories reporters produce on this topic, the more likely their stories are to use and give prominence to science sources. In addition, the articles included few denier sources, but denier views are more likely to appear in a more prominent location in the articles than supporters when stories are framed as conflict over global warming. These results highlight the need for additional research examining the expertise of climate scientists in news stories to better understand news decision-making in the context of complex scientific reporting. 相似文献
229.
Ribeiro Bruno Yamashiro Yuta Goto Katsuaki Tomiyama Jun Yamamoto Takashi Yamashiki Yosuke 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(4):2381-2389
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Shotcrete is a sprayed concrete placed on steep slopes that have been widely used because it can prevent surface weathering and erosion, and in... 相似文献
230.
Human Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Sahel: Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies in Northern Burkina Faso 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bruno Barbier Hamma Yacouba Harouna Karambiri Malick Zoromé Blaise Somé 《Environmental management》2009,43(5):790-803
In this study, the authors investigate farmers’ vulnerability to climate variability and evaluate local adoption of technology and farmers’ perceptions of adaptation strategies to rainfall variability and policies. A survey was conducted in a community in northern Burkina Faso following the crop failure of 2004. In 2006, following a better harvest, another survey was conducted to compare farmers’ actions and reactions during two contrasted rainy seasons. The results confirm that farmers from this community have substantially changed their practices during the last few decades. They have adopted a wide range of techniques that are intended to simultaneously increase crop yield and reduce yield variability. Micro water harvesting (Zaï) techniques have been widely adopted (41%), and a majority of fields have been improved with stone lines (60%). Hay (48%) and sorghum residues are increasingly stored to feed animals during the dry season, making bull and sheep fattening now a common practice. Dry season vegetable production also involves a majority of the population (60%). According to farmers, most of the new techniques have been adopted because of growing land scarcity and new market opportunities, rather than because of climate variability. Population pressure has reached a critical threshold, while land scarcity, declining soil fertility and reduced animal mobility have pushed farmers to intensify agricultural production. These techniques reduce farmers’ dependency on rainfall but are still insufficient to reduce poverty and vulnerability. Thirty-nine percent of the population remains vulnerable after a good rainy season. Despite farmers’ desire to remain in their own communities, migrations are likely to remain a major source of regular income and form of recourse in the event of droughts. 相似文献