Effects of four chlorobenzenes on serum sex steroids and hepatic microsome enzyme activities in crucian carp, Carassius auratus

Four chlorobenzenes (chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, p-chloro-methylbenzene) were administrated to the crucian carps (Carassius auratus) by peritoneal injections in the laboratory for 30 days. Serum testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations were detected using radioimmunology assay (RIA), and the activities of two hepatic microsome enzymes, glutathione s-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), were measured using the modified methods as described by Habig and Owens. Results showed that the four chlorobenzenes caused significant increases in serum testosterone concentration in the crucian carps (P < 0.05) compared to the controls, but they caused no significant effect on 17 beta-estradiol level. All test chemicals caused a change in hepatic GST activity in crucian carps, with significant increases in enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and p-chloro-methylbenzene resulted in a marked inhibition to UDPGT activity in crucian carp (P < 0.05) except 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The changes in hepatic microsome enzyme activities may have resulted in the alterations of serum sex steroids levels in the crucian carps. The results indicated that these four chlorobenzenes may result in the changes of endocrine functions and may affect the reproductive success of this and other species.     

光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理R盐废水的研究

采用光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理生物难降解的R盐废水,考察了不同反应条件对处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理废水,两者之间存在协同作用,可以提高处理效果,降低处理成本.在最佳试验条件下,R盐废水经光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理后,COD去除率可达90%以上.     

不同的增强试剂对重金属污染场地土壤的电动修复影响

选择重金属污染场地土壤为修复对象,研究了添加络合剂EDTA?有机酸乳酸和柠檬酸以及无机酸硝酸对电动修复该污染土壤的影响.结果表明,增强试剂的加入,显著促进了铜?铅?镍和六价铬在电场中的迁移和去除,电动过程促进了土壤重金属向有效态(醋酸铵提取)转化.其中,在阴极加入乳酸并控制pH3.5的处理,土壤中铜的去除率最高,达78.7%.在阴?阳极都加入EDTA的处理中,土壤中重金属的去除率在30%左右,重金属在靠近阴极的部分发生聚集.在阴极加入柠檬酸的处理中,土壤中铜?镍和六价铬的去除率均较高,分别为68.5%?53.3%和52.9%.阴极加入硝酸控制pH3.5对土壤中六价铬的去除率最高,达93.3%.     

饮用水汞暴露对小鼠免疫系统的毒性

通过饮用水对小鼠进行氯化汞和氯化甲基汞暴露,连续暴露14 d后,采集小鼠血样、脾脏与胸腺.分别采用MTT法、LDH释放法和ELISA等方法评价了汞暴露对小鼠胸腺、脾脏的淋巴细胞体外增殖系数、自然杀伤细胞杀伤系数和血清中细胞因子(IL-2和TNF-α)分泌量的影响.实验结果显示:(1)汞暴露抑制了淋巴细胞的增殖性能和自然杀伤细胞杀伤活性,并具有浓度依赖性,且MeHg的抑制作用明显高于Hg2+;(2)MeHg和Hg2+暴露同样对IL-2的分泌具有抑制作用但不具有浓度依赖性;(3)汞暴露对TNF-α分泌的影响依汞的形态和浓度不同而不同,如MeHg对其具有明显抑制作用,Hg2+在低浓度时对TNF-α的分泌具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度时为抑制作用.     

Reduction of hexavalent chromium with scrap iron in a fixed bed reactor

The reduction of hexavalent chromium by scrap iron was investigated in continuous long-term fixed bed system. The effects of pH, empty bed contact time (EBCT), and initial Cr(VI) concentration on Cr(VI) reduction were studied. The results showed that the pH, EBCT, and initial Cr(VI) concentration significantly affected the reduction capacity of scrap iron. The reduction capacity of scrap iron were 4.56, 1.51, and 0.57 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at pH 3, 5, and 7 (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, EBCT 2 min, and temperature 25°C), 0.51, 1.51, and 2.85 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at EBCTs of 0.5, 2.0, and 6.0 min (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), and 2.99, 1.51, and 1.01 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at influent concentrations of 1, 4, and 8 mg·L^-1 (EBCT 2 min, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), respectively. Fe(total) concentration in the column effluent continuously decreased in time, due to a decrease in time of the iron corrosion rate. The fixed bed reactor can be readily used for the treatment of drinking water containing low amounts of Cr(VI) ions, although the hardness and humic acid in water may shorten the lifetime of the reactor, the reduction capacity of scrap iron still achieved 1.98 mg Cr⁶⁺·g^-1 Fe. Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersion spectrometer and X-ray diffraction were conducted to examine the surface species of the scrap iron before and after its use. In addition to iron oxides and hydroxide species, iron-chromium complex was also observed on the reacted scrap iron.     

小分子RNA及其在化学品毒理学中应用的展望

小分子RNA,包括siRNA、miRNA、piRNA等,在基因表达调控过程中扮演了至关重要的角色.对小分子RNA生物发生和功能的认知将有助于促进基因沉默的机制研究和基因治疗.本文归纳了近些年关于小分子RNA的重大研究成果以及应用于毒理学研究的案例,并对毒理学未来研究小分子RNA的重点和方向作出展望.     

粘土矿物对烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的吸附行为

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOn)是一类重要的非离子表面活性剂,广泛地应用于工业、农业和日常生活中.近年来,由于其生物代谢产物被证实具有较大的毒性,因此引起人们广泛关注.文章使用自然界广泛存在的天然蒙脱土对APEOn类物质NP9、NP10、TX-100进行吸附,该技术可为使用粘土矿物去除此类污染物提供理论依据.研究结果表明:APEOn在蒙脱土上有较高的吸附量,吸附等温线为S型,符合Langmuir-Freundlich吸附模型,吸附量大小为NP9>NP10>TX-100.温度对吸附的影响较大,在小于40 ℃时,升高温度吸附量减小,而当温度超过40 ℃时,升高温度则有利于吸附的进行.pH值对吸附的影响较小.吸附动力学拟合结果表明,APEOn在蒙脱土上的吸附符合假二级反应动力学,在初始质量浓度为300 mg·L-1时,NP9、NP10、TX-100的吸附速率常数分别为0.377、0.126、0.085 g·mg-1·min-1.解吸实验表明,在纯水中APEOn从蒙脱土上的解吸率并不大,但在乙醇溶液中,解吸率大大提高.     

水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征及动力学模拟

为解析水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NaBr为保守示踪剂,分别以NH₄Cl和KH₂PO₄为添加营养盐,在合肥板桥河源头溪流开展野外示踪实验,据此估算氨氮（NH₄⁺）、磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）营养螺旋指标,识别主流区和暂态存储区NH₄⁺、PO₄^3-滞留贡献水平,模拟深潭地貌的氮磷吸收动力学特征.结果表明,深潭具有较好的氮磷滞留潜力,且对PO₄^3-的滞留潜力超过NH₄⁺;暂态存储区对NH₄⁺的滞留贡献率平均为91.49%,表明NH₄⁺滞留主要发生在暂态存储区;主流区对PO₄^3-的滞留贡献率平均为96.09%,意味着主流区是PO₄^3-滞留的主要场所;Michaelis-Menten（M-M）方程可以较好的模拟深潭氮磷滞留动力学效应,模拟得到的最大吸收速率U_max-NH₄、U_max-PO₄均值分别为0.48、0.08 mg·m^-2·s^-1,半饱和常数K_m-NH₄、K_m-PO₄均值分别为0.26、0.19 mg·L^-1.     

不同下垫面类型对地表径流中多环芳烃污染特征的影响分析

为了解下垫面对径流中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征的影响,对4次降雨事件中不同下垫面地表径流中的PAHs污染特征进行了分析.研究发现,屋面(A点)与交通路面(C点)的PAHs污染负荷远远大于另两种下垫面,降雨事件平均浓度分别达到26.66μg·L-1和27.87μg·L-1.各场降雨事件都存在随着降雨历时污染物浓度逐渐降低的过程,其中交通路面变化最为剧烈,PAHs浓度由初始的33.50μg·L-1经90 min后下降至16.36μg·L-1,而屋面则在径流结束前伴有浓度回升的现象.径流中溶解态PAHs含量远低于颗粒态含量,以2—3环略占优势,达31%—42%;而在颗粒态PAHs中5—6环则相对更多.广场路面(B点)和交通路面(C点)由于汇流面积较大,具有较明显的初期冲刷效应;屋面(A点)的冲刷效应相对较弱;草地(D点)则未表现出初期冲刷效应.研究结果表明下垫面对径流中PAHs的含量和消除均有一定影响,但与PAHs组分的相对比例无明显相关.     

两种营养状态下pH对轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

富营养化湖泊夏季藻类生长旺盛、光合作用强烈,湖水pH值普遍升高,因此相关生态因子变化对沉水植物生长影响的研究成为沉水植物组建和水生态恢复的基础。采用实验室模拟方法,研究了中营养(TN0.60mg·L-1;TP0.04mg·L-1)和富营养(TN4.20mg·L-1;TP0.28mg·L-1)两种状态下不同pH(7,8,9,10)对轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)生长、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶和MDA含量的影响。研究发现,培养21d后,pH10时两种营养状态黑藻生长均受到明显抑制,富营养状态下抑制程度更加显著;pH7和pH8时富营养状态增加植物叶绿素含量,pH10时富营养状态叶绿素含量低于中营养状态。超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)在富营养状态下pH8时活性大幅上升,pH9时出现下降,而中营养状态下在pH9时活性才有所升高;过氧化氢酶(CAT)在两种营养状态下,pH9时活性均显著上升,pH10时在富营养状态下受到明显抑制;富营养状态下在pH7～9时,植物丙二醛(MDA)含量随着pH升高显著上升,并且均显著高于中营养状态,在pH9时与中营养状态差异达到最大。研究表明,pH对轮叶黑藻的影响与营养状态相关,当pH大于9时,两种营养状态下轮叶黑藻均受到一定胁迫,富营养状态下作用更加显著。