北京市新建城区不透水地表径流N、P输出形态特征研究

2010年通过对北京市新建城区典型不透水地表径流水样的采集与分析,研究新建城区地表径流水质特征及其N、P输出形态组成,以期为城市地表径流污染的源区控制提供科学依据.结果表明,北京市新建区典型不透水地表屋面和道路地表径流污染初期冲刷效应显著,屋面径流污染负荷的输出主要集中在初期10 mm径流,而道路径流污染负荷的输出主要集中在初期15 mm径流.屋面地表径流TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP事件浓度均值分别为50.2、81.7、6.07、2.94、1.05和0.11 mg·L-1;道路地表径流TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP事件浓度均值分别为539.0、276.4、7.00、1.71、1.51和0.61 mg·L-1.屋面径流颗粒态COD、TN和TP分别占20.8%、12.3%和49.7%,道路径流颗粒态COD、TN和TP分别占68.6%、20.0%和73.6%.屋面径流溶解性氮素占总氮87.7%,其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占57.6%和22.5%,道路径流溶解性氮素占总氮的80.0%,其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占42.1%和35.0%.城市地表径流污染控制应加强NH4+-N和NO3--N的去除.     

Co对腈纶废水厌氧处理效果的影响

利用厌氧反应装置,以腈纶废水为处理对象,通过2组试验,对比了微量金属(Co)投加前后废水中有机物降解情况、累积产气量、三维荧光光谱图以及微生物生长情况,研究了微量Co对腈纶废水厌氧处理效果的影响.结果表明:当Co的投加浓度〔以ρ(CoCl2)计〕为1.0 mg/L时,CODCr去除率达71.7%,累积产气量达到22.5 mL;当Co的投加浓度超过10 mg/L时,CODCr去除率为20%左右,累积产气量8.5 mL,未投加Co元素的空白对照组CODCr去除率为43.1%,累积产气量为10 mL.显示微量Co对腈纶废水厌氧生物降解具有一定的促进作用.      

三峡水库香溪河库湾冬季甲藻水华生消机理初探

2010年1—2月在香溪河库湾上、中、下游各选取1个监测点对水体环境因子及藻类进行监测,对水温、营养盐含量等进行分析,探讨香溪河库湾冬季甲藻水华的生消机理. 结果表明:2010年冬季,香溪河库湾末端暴发了甲藻水华,持续44 d,优势藻种为拟多甲藻(Peridiniopsis sp.),最高细胞密度达到11.8×106 L-1;适宜的水温、充足的营养盐以及良好的光照、弱分层水体是香溪河库湾冬季甲藻水华暴发的主要原因;Zmix/Zeu〔Zmix(混合层深度)与Zeu(真光层深度)之比〕在2~3之间时有利于甲藻生长;库湾中下游因水体掺混强烈而在冬季未暴发水华;后期水体分层状态的加强及Zmix/Zeu的减小是甲藻水华消失的主要原因.      

北方地区受污染河湖水体潜流湿地净化技术研究与工程应用

结合实验研究和工程应用实践,在湿地填料选择、水力负荷变化、植物特性、结构优化、越冬运行等方面,对我国北方地区潜流人工湿地设计、建设、运行管理中的关键技术问题开展了系统、深入研究.结果表明:石灰石、粗砂等脱氮除磷综合效果较好,且取材方便、价格便宜,应是人工湿地主选填料,钢渣、褐铁矿除磷效果良好、沸石的氨氮吸附能力强,可作为辅助材料;湿地植物对水质净化贡献约为5%～15%,其地上部分的生物量移除贡献不足5%,湿地植物对系统水力负荷维持、冬季保温、生态景观等还具有较大贡献;以植物保温为主,结合冰下取水、水位管理等可实现北方地区潜流湿地冬季正常运行;优化提出了竖向复合流湿地结构,具有节约用地、硝化-反硝化作用效果显著、抗淤堵等特点.研究成果已在工程实践中得到成功应用,对人工湿地在我国北方地区的推广应用具有重要借鉴意义.     

利用皂土吸附和介电泳方法间接去除水中的Mn2+

水中重金属去除一直是水处理的技术难点.锰虽然是动物必需的微量元素之一,但是人和动物摄入过量的锰会对神经系统等产生毒害.利用皂土吸附水中的重金属Mn2+,在装有微电极阵列芯片的介电泳池研究装置中,通过调节外加交流电压,捕获悬浮液中的皂土从而间接去除Mn2+.吸附了微量重金属离子的皂土被捕获到电场强度较大的区域,发生了正介电泳.该研究为建立一种从废水中间接去除重金属离子的实际可行方法奠定了实验基础,不存在二次污染.     

Evaluation of solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ethyl lactate/water versus ethanol/water mixtures for contaminated soil remediation applications

Solubility data of recalcitrant contaminants in cosolvents is essential to determine their potential applications in enhanced soil remediation. The solubilities of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in ethyl lactate/water and ethanol/water mixtures were measured using equilibrium techniques. The cosolvency powers derived from solubility data were then applied to the model developed from the solvophobic approach to predict the capability of ethyl lactate and ethanol in enhancing the desorption of contaminants from soils. Both ethyl lactate and ethanol cosolvents were shown to be able to enhance the solubilisation of the tested four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by > 4 orders of magnitude above the levels obtained with water alone. However, ethyl lactate demonstrated a greater capacity to enhance PAH solubility than ethanol. The cosolvency powers of ethyl lactate/water system obtained from the end-to-end slope (σ) and the end-to-half slope (σ_0.5) of the solubilisation curve were 1.0--1.5 and 2.0--2.9 higher than ethanol/water system respectively. In line with this, ethyl lactate/water was demonstrated to enhance the desorption of contaminants from soil by 20%--37% and 18%--61% higher compared to ethanol/water system in low organic content and high organic content soils respectively, with a 2:1 (V/W) ratio of solution:soil and with cosolvent fraction as low as 0.4. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the experimental desorption results agreed fairly with the predicted values, under an applied solution:soil ratio that was enough to hold the capacity of released contaminants.     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地CH4和N2 O排放对氮输入的短期响应

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了氮输入对闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地CH4和N2O排放通量的短期影响.结果表明,高氮输入在不同采样时间均促进了湿地CH4排放,低氮输入在不同时间则具有不同的变化特征.与对照处理相比,低氮和高氮2种处理分别使湿地CH4排放通量增加了-44.35%～1 057.35%和7.15%～667.37%.外源氮输入在24 h内对湿地N2O排放通量具有明显的正激发效应,最高可增加171.60倍和177.79倍,但在8 d后,氮输入对湿地N2O排放的激发效应减弱甚至消失.氮输入在短时间内对湿地土壤Ec、pH和Eh均未产生显著影响.湿地CH4排放通量在对照处理下仅与5 cm Eh存在显著负相关,在低氮处理下仅与10 cm地温呈显著负相关,在高氮处理下则与5 cm Ec、0、5 cm pH以及0、5、10 cm土壤Eh均呈显著相关性,而N2O排放通量在不同处理下与湿地气温、地温、盐度、pH和Eh等环境因子均不存在显著相关性.研究表明,探讨氮输入对湿地温室气体排放的影响应考虑其时间变异性.     

Investigation of the hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates using particle image velocimetry

The hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates has a significant influence on the interactions and flocculation kinetics of algae. However, characterization of the hydrodynamics of diatoms and diatom aggregates in water is rather difficult. In this laboratory study, an advanced visualization technique in particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to investigate the hydrodynamic properties of settling diatom aggregates. The experiments were conducted in a settling column filled with a suspension of fluorescent polymeric beads as seed tracers. A laser light sheet was generated by the PIV setup to illuminate a thin vertical planar region in the settling column, while the motions of particles were recorded by a high speed charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. This technique was able to capture the trajectories of the tracers when a diatom aggregate settled through the tracer suspension. The PIV results indicated directly the curvilinear feature of the streamlines around diatom aggregates. The rectilinear collision model largely overestimated the collision areas of the settling particles. Algae aggregates appeared to be highly porous and fractal, which allowed streamlines to penetrate into the aggregate interior. The diatom aggregates have a fluid collection efficiency of 10%-40%. The permeable feature of aggregates can significantly enhance the collisions and flocculation between the aggregates and other small particles including algal cells in water.     

Transverse approach between real world concentrations of SO2, NO2, BTEX, aldehyde emissions and corrosion in the Grand Mare tunnel

With regard to automotive traffic, a tunnel-type semi enclosed atmosphere is characterized by a higher concentration of gaseous pollutants than on urban traffic roads and highlights the gaseous effluent species having an impact on material degradation. Therefore, a transverse approach between air quality and its consequences upon the longevity of materials is necessary, implying better knowledge of tunnel atmosphere and a better understanding of material degradation inside a tunnel for operating administration. Gaseous pollutant measurements carried out in a road tunnel in Rouen (Normandy) give the real world traffic concentrations of experimental exposure conditions. The sampling campaigns, achieved in summer and winter include SO₂, NO₂, BTEX and aldehyde analyses. Effluent profiles in the upward and downward tubes have been established. The current work shows that SO₂, NO₂, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal and butanal must be considered in the degradation process of materials in a stuffy environment. As regards NO₂, its concentration depends on the modification of the automotive fleet. The total aldehyde concentrations indicate no particular trend between the two bores. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal and acrolein species are the most abundant species emitted by vehicles and represent 90% to 95% of the total aldehyde emissions.