城市生活垃圾低污染气化熔融系统研究

为彻底消除城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中的二次污染,对流化床气化与旋风燃烧熔融系统进行了研究.我国典型城市生活垃圾流化床气化试验表明,最佳气化温度为600℃左右;对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行熔融特性试验表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰在1 300℃左右、垃圾掺煤焚烧飞灰在1 400℃左右时,能顺利熔融,二分解率99.99%以上,重金属有效固化.结合我国实际,提出了2种气化熔融系统方案:①基于垃圾综合处理的筛上物气化熔融技术方案;②原生垃圾+辅助燃料气化熔融技术方案;并进行相应的热力性能分析,研究表明2种方案都能较好满足气化熔融要求.     

Study on pyrolysis and gasification of wood in MSW

In order to develop municipal solid waste（MSW） pyrolysis/gasification and melting technology with low emission and high efficiency, it was planed that all the main components in MSW and some typical kinds of MSW were pyrolyzed/gasified to propose an expert system for raw MSW. In this paper, wood, which was a prevalent component in MSW, was pyrolyzed and gasified in fluidized-bed reactors at different apparent excess air ratios （EARs）, temperatures and fluidizing velocities. For pyrolysis, with tem- perature increasing from 400℃ to 700℃, the yield of pyrolysis char decreased while that of pyrolysis gas increased （in this paper respectively from 28% to 20% and from 10% to 35%）, and when temperature was 500℃, the yield of pyrolysis tar reached the highest, up to 38% in this paper. It was the optimum for gasification when temperature was 600℃ and apparent EAR was 0.4. Under the experimental conditions of this paper, gasification efficiency achieved 73%, lower heat value（LHV） reached 5800 kJ/（Nm^3） and yield of syngas was 2.01 Nm^3/kg. Lower fluidizing velocity was useful to upgrade gasification efficiency and LHV of syngas for wood gasification. Based on the results, the reactive courses and mechanism were analyzed respectively for wood pyrolysis and gasification.     

陶瓷厂喷雾干燥塔白烟形成的机理及解决措施

针对陶瓷厂烟囱冒“白烟”,造成环境污染的现象,提出了“降温法”和“升温法”两种治理方案,并对“升温法”方案建立了数学模型,通过数值求解,得到需要升高的最小临界温度值。计算结果已用于陶瓷厂烟气治理中,验证了其正确性。     

尾矿代粘土在干法回转窑水泥生产中的应用研究

为获取尾矿在干法回转窑水泥生产应用的技术参数,在对尾矿和粘土特性进行分析的基础上,在2500t·d-1的新型干法回转窑生产线上进行了浙江诸暨铜尾矿替代粘土配料的应用试验研究.试验采用循序渐进的方法,诸暨铜尾矿按质量分数为1%、2%、3%、5%依次在生产原料中掺配,对试验熟料样品进行了化学成分分析和矿物组成X射线衍射(XRD)分析.试验结果表明,掺铜尾矿生产得到的熟料化学组成和游离氧化钙(f-CaO)含量正常,熟料烧成情况良好;与掺粘土熟料相比,掺铜尾矿熟料矿物组成结构有所调整,早强和高强矿物含量有所增加.熟料物性检测表明,掺铜尾矿生产得到的熟料的各项性能指标均满足技术要求,熟料各龄期强度指标与掺粘土熟料相比略有提高.掺铜尾矿配料与粘土配料主要生产运行指标统计分析表明,试验过程在干法回转窑生产运行稳定的情况下,掺铜尾矿配料较粘土配料,其熟料平均日产量提高10.07%,熟料标煤耗降低8.29%.     

某石化工业园区大气中VOCs垂直分布的无人机监测研究

利用无人机对某石化工业园区地面至100 m大气中的VOCs进行监测,通过不同高度数据对比,总结该石化工业园区挥发性有机物的垂直分布特征,并分析其化学反应活性.监测结果表明,VOCs体积分数和总臭氧生成潜势随高度增加均呈下降趋势,地面和15～30 m高度的VOCs浓度及臭氧生成潜势基本一致.主要VOCs物种浓度垂直分布特...     

人造硬壳层软土地基处理法的试验研究和理论分析

目前国内建成的大部分高等级道路都采用高填路基。高填路基由于填土较高,相应成本也较高,并且会对道路的质量造成不良的影响,特别是在软土地基上修建高等级公路,还需对软土地基进行加固处理,更增加了建设成本。本文提出了人造硬壳层的方法来处理软土地基,可降低路基高度,减少建设成本。通过对人造硬壳层室内试验、现场测试和采用合适的力学计算模型对人造硬壳层的计算表明,采用人造硬壳层法处理软土地基在技术上是可行的,同时在经济上相对于其它常用处理方法有比较大的优势。     

脉冲电絮凝处理电镀含铬废水的实验研究

常规方法处理电镀废水都有较明显的缺陷,而脉冲电絮凝技术在处理效果、运行成本及可操作性方面有较大的优势。实验表明,当调节进水pH＝4、极板间电压为2.5 V,停留时间(HRT)为15 min,电流密度为25 A/m²时,系统处于最佳状态,铬离子去除率保持在99.5％以上,达到排放标准。     

Cesium and strontium sorption by selected tropical and subtropical soils around nuclear facilities

The dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption by soils, especially in the subtropics and tropics, as influenced by soil components are not fully understood. The rates and capacities of Cs and Sr sorption by selected subtropical and tropical soils in Taiwan were investigated to facilitate our understanding of the transformation and dynamics of Cs and Sr in soils developed under highly weathering intensity. The Langmuir isotherms and kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption on the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Long-Tan (Lt) and the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kuan-Shan (Kt), Mao-Lin (Tml) and Chi-Lo (Cl) soils were selected for this study. Air-dried soil (<2 mm) samples were reacted with of 7.5 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.88 × 10⁻³ M of CsCl (pH 4.0) or 1.14 × 10⁻⁴ to 2.85 × 10⁻³ M of SrCl₂ (pH 4.0) solutions at 25 °C. The sorption maximum capacity (q_m) of Cs by the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Lt soil (62.24 and 70.70 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those by the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kt and Cl soils (26.46 and 27.49 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil in Kt soil and 34.83 and 29.96 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil in Cl soil, respectively), however, the sorption maximum capacity values of the Lt and Tml soils did not show significant differences. The amounts of pyrophosphate extractable Fe (Fe_p) were correlated significantly with the Cs and Sr sorption capacities (for Cs sorption, r² = 0.97, p < 1.0 × 10⁻⁴; for Sr sorption, r² = 0.82, p < 2.0 × 10⁻³). The partition coefficient of radiocesium sorbed on soil showed the following order: Cl soil ? Kt soil > Tml soil > Lt soil. It was due to clay minerals. The second-order kinetic model was applied to the Cs and Sr sorption data. The rate constant of Cs or Sr sorption on the four soils was substantiality increased with increasing temperature. This is attributable to the availability of more energy for bond breaking and bond formation brought about by the higher temperatures. The rate constant of Cs sorption at 308 K was 1.39-2.09 times higher than that at 278 K in the four soils. The activation energy of Cs and Sr sorbed by the four soils ranged from 7.2 to 16.7 kJ mol⁻¹ and from 15.2 to 22.4 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, the limiting step of the Cs⁺ or Sr²⁺ sorption on the soils was diffusion-controlled processes. The reactive components, which are significantly correlated with the Langmuir sorption maxima of Cs and Sr by these soils, substantially influenced their kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption. The data indicate that among components of the subtropical and tropical soils studied, short-range ordered sesquioxides especially Al- and Fe-oxides complexed with organics play important roles in influencing their capacity and dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption.     

Selective separation of deltamethrin by molecularly imprinted polymers using a β-cyclodextrin derivative as the functional monomer

A deltamethrin-imprinted polymer (MIP₁) was prepared using bis(-6-O-butanediacid monoester)-β-cyclodextrin (BBA-β-CD) as the functional monomer and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) as the cross-linker. In comparison to the molecularly imprinted polymer where β-CD was applied as the functional monomer (MIP₂), MIP₁ showed a higher specific binding capacity (ΔC_P) and an improved imprinting factor (IF) for deltamethrin. The selective recognition experiments demonstrated that compared to MIP₂, MIP₁ could better recognize its template over other substrates that had similar chemical structures. The solid phase extraction (SPE) of deltamethrin using MIP₁ as the adsorbent was further investigated. The recoveries of the molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) column for deltamethrin were 83.2–93.4% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.03–6.19%. The method has been successfully applied to the enrichment of trace deltamethrin from real water samples.     

Distribution of elements in needles of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) was uneven and affected by needle age

Macronutrients (P, S, K, Na, Mg, Ca), heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd) and Al concentrations as well as values of Ca/Al in the tip, middle, base sections and sheaths of current year and previous year needles of Pinus massoniana from Xiqiao Mountain were analyzed and the distribution patterns of those elements were compared. The results indicated that many elements were unevenly distributed among the different components of needles. Possible deficiency of P, K, Ca, Mn and Al toxicity occurred in needles under air pollution. Heavy metals may threaten the health of Masson pine. Needle sheaths were good places to look for particulate pollutants, in this case including Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Al.