煤燃烧固氟剂及固氟效果研究

通过热力学分析煤燃烧过程中钙基固氟剂固氟反应机理和高温高效钙基固氟剂开发原则;通过流化床和链条炉燃烧试验考察石灰石和钙基固氟剂燃烧固氟效果.试验表明:流化床燃烧时石灰石燃烧固氟效果明显,在Ca/F=60～70时,脱氟率可达到66.7%～70.0%;链条炉燃烧试验表明:利用工业废料开发的钙基固氟剂固氟效果显著,在Ca/F=65～80时,脱氟率为57.32%～75.19%.在燃煤过程添加石灰石和钙基固氟剂具有固氟固硫的双重作用.     

基于连续⁃非连续方法的正断层下盘开采断层滑移演化研究∗

在自主开发的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续-非连续方法的基础上,为了模拟时间较长的煤炭开采过程,提出了准静力计算模式;针对煤层离散单元形成的聚集体仍能承受超过自身承载能力的问题,发展了应力跌落方法;以济三煤矿6303工作面的地质条件为背景建立了更准确的力学模型,其中,在断层上盘下端面施加了适当的垂直向上的均布载荷,以克服前人力学模型中由于模型下端面位移被限制断层难以在此位置错动而造成的应力集中问题;通过剔除开采前的断层滑移量,提出了纯粹由采动引起的断层上盘滑移量的计算方法。结果表明:当工作面与断层的距离减少时,煤层下方测点的滑移量呈缓慢增加-缓慢减少-急剧增加的趋势,煤层上方测点的滑移量呈缓慢增加-迅速增加的趋势;同一岩层中测点的滑移量相差不大;高位岩层将先于低位岩层发生明显滑移,断层滑移基本是由上至下发展的,且高位岩层的滑移程度比低位岩层的大;当工作面与断层距离相同时,若开采间隔较小,则煤层上方测点的滑移量较小;当工作面与断层距离小于等于100 m时,采空区上方附近岩层发生明显滑移,应该加强支护。     

陶瓷精密滤膜处理乳化液废水的研究

以确立乳化液废水处理技术作为目的,采用陶瓷精密滤膜进行乳化废液的过滤,对其过滤性进行研究。研究结果表明,操作压力在40～60 kPa范围,只要采用孔径为1.5μm以下的陶瓷精密过滤膜,均能获得90%以上的截留率,这与本研究所测定的乳化液粒子的分布结果相一致。从而表明采用膜分离技术处理乳化液废水,是一种行之有效的方法。      

不同类型土壤对SO42-吸附特性的研究

为了进一步探讨我国酸沉降对水陆生态环境的影响以及典型地区生态系统对酸沉降的缓冲能力和临界负荷值,笔者对赣、鄂、湘３省具有代表性的土壤的ＳＯ吸附特性进行了研究。结果表明,红壤,待别是江西省的红壤,吸附ＳＯ的能力最强,最大吸附量达１１．５２ｍｇ／ｇ士;其余依次为黄壤、棕红壤、黄褐壤和黄红壤,最大吸附量分别为１１．１４,８．８３,６．８６和６．５３ｍｇ／ｇ土;红色石灰壤对ＳＯ的吸附能力最弱,最大吸附量仅３．５５ｍｇ／ｇ土,只及红壤的３０．８％。可以预计,就地区而言,以红壤为主的江西省是我国对酿沉降最敏感的地区之一。     

Distribution of endocrine-disrupting PCBs in hard roes of loaches and their potential ecological effects in Weishanhu Lake, China

Preliminary study is carded out on the endocrine-disrupting organic chemicals of polychlorinated biphenyls( PCBs. PCB-28, 60,104, 153, 190) in hard roes of Ioaches( Misgurnus anguillicaudatas) in Weishanhu Lake, China. Results showed that the hard roes of Ioacbes collected from the areas near the influx( such as Pengkou T-PCB =0. 243μg/g) or efflux( such as Hanzhuang T-PCB = 0. 221μg/g)are characterized by higher PCB contents, about 4 times that from the central lake(T-PCB = 0.066-μg/g), suggesting great difference between their pollutions. The PCB distributions indicated that PCB congeners with more chlorine are more easily accumulated in roes of Ioachee. The microscopic characteristics reveal that the PCB contents at present cannot lead the roes of Ioaches to be abnormal.However, the roes with higher PCBs in Pengkou and Hanzhuang are obviously bigger than those with lower PCBs(T-PCBs≤0. 176μg/g)in other localities. It is suggested that PCBs have a stronger estrogenic activity on the roes of Ioaches, and the phenomenon is likely premonitory for the abnormal development of the hard roes.     

Dynamics and origin of PM2.5 during a three-year sampling period in Beijing, China

Systematic sampling and analysis were performed to investigate the dynamics and the origin of suspended particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)), in Beijing, China from 2005 to 2008. Identifying the source of PM(2.5) was the main goal of this project, which was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The concentrations of 19 elements, black carbon (BC) and the total mass in 158 weekly PM(2.5) samples were measured. The statistical evaluation of the data from factor analysis (FA) identifies four main sources responsible for PM(2.5) in Beijing: (1) a combination of long-range transport geogenic soil particles, geogenic-like particles from construction sites and the anthropogenic emissions from steel factories; (2) road traffic, industry emissions and domestic heating; (3) local re-suspended soil particles; (4) re-suspended particles from refuse disposal/landfills and uncontrolled dumped waste. Special attention has been paid to seven high concentration "episodes", which were further analyzed by FA, enrichment factor analysis (EF), elemental signatures and backward-trajectory analysis. These results suggest that long-range transport soil particles contribute much to the high concentration of PM(2.5) during dust days. This is supported by mineral analysis which showed a clear imprint of component in PM(2.5). Furthermore, the ratios of Mg/Al have been proved to be a good signature to trace back different source areas. The Pb/Ti ratio allows the distinction between periods of predominant anthropogenic and geogenic sources during high concentration episodes. Backward-trajectory analysis clearly shows the origins of these episodes, which partly corroborate the FA and EF results. This study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the meteorological and source driven dynamics of PM(2.5) concentrations.     

环境工程本科人才需求与教育教学改革研究

系统分析了中国高速工业化和城市化造成的环境工程本科人才市场的变化及其给环境工程高等教育带来的机遇和挑战,评价了环境工程高等教育状况,探讨了环境工程高等教育教学改革的方向,为指导环境工程大学生正确择业、促进环境工程高等教育的健康发展提供了依据。     

北京市主要公园土壤中铅含量及污染评价

通过对北京市区12个典型公园的土壤取样调查,测定了表层土壤中铅的含量,并以中华人民共和国土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)对污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,北京市区大部分公园存在铅污染问题。其表土的铅含量平均值为30.95mg/kg,变幅为16.20￣121.00mg/kg,污染指数为0.65～2.35。分析表明,一些历史悠久、客流量大、位于市中心的公园土壤的铅含量及污染指数均大大高于平均水平。     

生物技术在微污染景观水处理中的应用

利用生物砂和多孔活性材料作为载体与滤料,投入硝化细菌和相容的复合菌群,构成小试规模的循环式过滤装置,模拟自然水体的生态净化系统,观察微污染的景观水中NH3-N,NO-2 -N,有机物,色度等等的去除效果。经长期运行测试表明,系统对 NH3-N去除率达99%, NO-2 -N 的去除率达 87%,对COD,浊度,都能较好地保持在较低水平。并使 DO、pH稳定在适合水生生物生长的范围。     

SBR处理制药废水影响因素的研究

结合工程实际采用水解酸化-SBR工艺处理制药废水,处理水量为2 000 m3/d。SBR对CODcr的处理率稳定在92.2%～95.8%间,平均为94.23%,对氨氮的去除率在82.7%～97.6%,平均去除率达到90.73%。水解酸化-SBR稳定运行后,系统出水各项指标均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(8978-1996)二级排放标准。运行结果表明,SBR运行最佳参数为:曝气时间8小时,污泥负荷控制0.23～0.28(kg CODcr/kg MLSS.d),温度26℃～30℃。该工艺用于处理高浓度制药废水效果稳定,耐冲击负荷高。