3株贫营养好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及反硝化特性

贫营养好氧反硝化细菌在水环境能量流动和物质循环过程中扮演着重要的角色。从山东某水源水库沉积物中共驯化分离出216株好氧反硝化细菌,复筛得到3株高效菌株ZN1、ZN2和ZN3。经形态学指标和16S rRNA序列分析,ZN1和ZN3属于铁还原细菌(iron-reducing bacterium),ZN2属于粘液菌属(Zoogloea sp.)。关键酶基因检测表明3株菌均含有周质硝酸盐还原酶基因(nap A)。在30℃、120 r/min条件下,培养47 h后3株菌对培养液中NO3-N的去除率均在80%以上,TN去除率均在40%以上,且无明显的亚硝氮积累。对3株菌分别进行原水适应,以20%的梯度增加原水的比例直至100%原水。原水培养72 h后,3株菌NO3-N去除率为30%~40%,TN去除率为20%~25%。     

突发性环境污染事件应急监测演练的策划与实施

近年来,突发性环境污染事件的频繁发生,对社会造成了极大的危害。为了提高环境监测部门开展应急监测的综合能力和实战水平,建立健全应急监测制度和运行机制,检验环境应急监测预案的科学性、响应的及时性、数据的准确性和报告的可行性,各地环保部门开展了一系列应急监测演练活动。本文就环境应急监测演练策划和设计进行了全过程的分析,并按照实战的要求对演练实施过程中的重要环节进行了总结研究。     

基于GIS的我国农村老年人口时空发展研究

以2000年、2003年、2006年和2009年4个时间点的农村老年人口数据为基础,从农村老年人口系数、老少比和养老负担3个指标对我国大陆31个地区的农村老年人口状况做了时间和空间上的对比分析。结果表明,农村老龄化发展迅速且从东部向中西部快速递进,农村老龄化的集中程度趋于降低。     

抗生素制药废水有机污染物分布特性研究

采用气相色谱/质谱法对β-内酰胺类抗生素制药废水中有机污染物进行了定性与定量分析,得到了废水中有机污染物的种类、相对含量及分子量分布特性.通过理论COD计算公式,计算分析了废水中有机污染物对COD指标的贡献程度.结果表明,该类废水中含有84种有机物,其中以胺类、烷烃类和烯烃类有机物的相对含量最高.有机污染物的分子量集中在100～400,分子量小于100或大于500的有机物含量相对较低,其中分子量在100～200的有机物含量最大.通过对比有机污染物的理论COD贡献度可知,胺类、烷烃类和烯烃类有机物含量对废水污染负荷影响最大.根据有机物污染源分析,提出了此类抗生素制药废水合理化处理的生产工艺建议和处理工艺方案.     

Gaseous pollutants emitted from a mechanical biological treatment plant for municipal solid waste: Odor assessment and photochemical reactivity

The concentrations and chromatographic profiles of gaseous pollutants emitted from a municipal solid waste (MSW) biological treatment plant were investigated to identify the major odor substances and atmospheric photochemical reactive species (PRS). Four methods were used to measure different gaseous pollutants in this study, including colorimetric tubes, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection/pulsed flame photometric detection (GC-MS/FID/PFPD) preceded by cold trap concentration, GC-FID preceded by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after derivation by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Seventy-five gaseous compounds belonging to nine groups (nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, terpenes, alcohols, carbonyls, and volatile fatty acids [VFAs]) were identified. In the pre-biotreatment facility, the total concentration of the gaseous pollutants reached the maximum value on day 7 (317 ppm). During the post-biotreatment process, the total concentration of gaseous pollutants decreased from 331 ppm at the beginning to 162 ppm in the end. The group with the greatest decrease was carbonyls, from 64 to 7.4 ppm, followed by alcohols, from 40 to 4.5 ppm, which were both oxygenated compounds. The proportion of aromatics was notably high in the pre-mechanical treatment facility, accounting for 50.6% of the total, revealing the xenobiotic compounds disseminated by stirring and agitating the waste in the initial stage. The proportions of nitrogen compounds were lower in the pre- and post-mechanical treatment facilities (1.5% and 6.9%) than in the pre- and post-biotreatment facilities (11.9% and 13.8%), suggesting that their generation was closely associated with waste degradation. The major odor compounds in the facilities were acetic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, and dimethyl sulfide. The major PRS in the facilities were aromatics, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, hexanal, isopentyl aldehyde, alcohol, α-pinene, limonene, and terpinene. Outside the facilities, VFAs and aromatics were the most important compounds causing an environmental impact.

Implications: The aim of this work is to assess the gaseous environmental impacts of mechanical biological treatment technology. The emission of gaseous pollutants greatly affects the living quality of nearby residents and odor complaints are becoming a major problem now. In this study, the authors utilized various pretreatment and analytical methods to obtain integrated emission information of gaseous pollutants. The results showed the transformation and fate of the gas pollutants during the treatment processes, which would help to improve the processes and to mitigate gaseous pollution.

Supplemental Materials: Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association for information on the concentrations of the nine compound families at different sampling locations in the plant.     

超声波对氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性影响

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术,探求了超声波对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响。结果表明,在混凝初期的5 s内,增大超声功率能够有利于混凝作用发生。超声功率为80 W,浊度去除率最高。随着超声时间延长到10 s时,超声条件下FI值变小絮凝效果逐渐变差。Zeta电位与絮体粒度存在相关关系。     

感应热固定床CWPO处理染料废水的催化剂制备及其性能

感应热固定床(IHFB)作为新型热传递方式下非均相反应器,利用感应加热铁磁材料将热量传递至液相,形成固液界面高温微反应区,实现有机废水低能高效降解。实验以海绵铁为感应内核,淀粉为碳源,0.2 mol/L硝酸镍为浸渍溶液,按照一定固液比采用浸渍焙烧法制备了C包覆表层负载NiO的感应热催化剂(mNiO/C),对mNiO/C材料的形态结构进行了SEM、ES和XRD表征。结果表明,铁碳比(Fe/C)3∶1、浸渍固液比1∶1、500℃下焙烧2 h,重复包覆3次所得的mNiO/C材料结构最稳定、催化活性最大。并以直接紫D-BL模拟废水为进水,考察了流动状态下感应热固定床催化湿式过氧化氢氧化法(CWPO)降解染料废水的性能,在最优条件下,染料降解率高达80%以上。     

Gene expression analysis and classification of mode of toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is known to respond to certain toxic chemicals through an increased expression of various stress genes. In this study, therefore, the expression of recA, katG, fabA and grpE genes was used as a representative for DNA, oxidative, membrane and protein damage, respectively, after E. coli was exposed to different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., phenanthrene, naphthalene and benzo[a]pyrene. To accomplish this, the expression levels of these four genes were quantified using a real-time RT-PCR analysis when E. coli cultures were under stressful conditions, such as those caused by an exposure to mitomycin C, hydrogen peroxide and phenol. It was found that the primary toxic effect of each chemical is clearly seen when the expression levels of the different genes are compared. Tests with the PAHs showed naphthalene and benzo[a]pyrene to be genotoxic, while phenanthrene had no clear effect on the expression of any of these genes. Based on these results, the effects due to these toxic chemicals and the extent of each stress can be evaluated with ease using the expression levels of different stress responsive genes.     

干旱遥感监测方法研究应用进展

严重、频繁的干旱已经成为世界范围内最为严重的气候灾害之一,它直接阻碍了社会经济的可持续发展.开展干旱的监测、预测与评估研究,具有重大现实意义.首先回顾了国内外的研究动态,介绍了几种干旱遥感监测指数的原理、方法以及适用范围,重点阐述了EOS/MODIS数据的计算模型的应用,并对各种干旱监测指数存在的问题以及干旱监测的发展趋势进行了探讨.     

石灰石湿法脱硫过程中石灰石动态溶解模型研究

为了深入认识石灰石湿法脱硫体系中石灰石的溶解特性,以单个石灰石颗粒为研究对象,根据双膜理论提出了一种新的石灰石动态溶解模型,模型考虑了喷淋塔内SO2浓度对石灰石溶解的影响.针对喷淋塔内石灰石溶解速率和二氧化硫吸收速率的相对大小变化,理论分析了不同阶段石灰石转化率随时间的变化.通过实验验证,所建模型可以较好地模拟喷淋塔内石灰石溶解过程.模型有助于深入认识石灰石的溶解特性,为进一步研究喷淋塔内石灰石的溶解速率对二氧化硫传质的影响和喷淋塔的工艺设计提供了理论依据.