哈尔滨市融雪径流中多环芳烃污染生态风险评价

根据2018年哈尔滨市春季融雪径流中16种PAHs检测数据,利用BaP毒性当量法和风险熵值法评价融雪径流中不同下垫面及各采样点中PAHs风险等级、16种PAHs单体风险等级和对水生生物的影响.结果表明:不同下垫面ΣPAHs的生态风险差异明显,城市道路、内部道路、人行道和绿地融雪径流中PAHs污染处于高生态风险等级,而屋面和冰面的生态风险处于较低水平.城市道路和内部道路均超出我国地表水环境质量标准2.8 ng·L~(-1),EBaP最高值分别为20.06和15.5 ng·L~(-1),人行道和绿地中部分EBaP值超标,屋面和冰面均未超标.从各PAHs单体RQ均值来看,Ant和BbF最高,其RQ_(MPCs)均值都为1.53,其次是BaA为1.46,Pyr为1.2,BghiP为1.04,均属高风险等级,其余单体均有中等生态风险.松花江干流水生生物对融雪径流中Pyr的毒性最强,Flu的毒性最弱, Nap的毒性居中.耐受性顺序依次为:Flu AceChr AntNap FlaBaPPhe Pyr.城市道路、内部道路和人行道融雪径流中PAHs对大型蚤和胖头鲤鱼的风险商均大于1,说明9种PAHs对这两种水生生物存在风险.比值法分析结果显示融雪径流中PAHs主要来源于燃烧过程,其中交通排放源显著,尤其是汽油车辆尾气排放.     

太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的砷分布特征及其生态风险

以太湖不同营养水平湖区为研究对象,采用改进的砷(As)形态连续提取法对表层沉积物中As的化学形态进行分析研究,探讨了沉积物中总砷(TAs)和As形态的分布特征及其与沉积物中营养盐和总有机碳(TOC)的相关性,并利用潜在生态风险评价(Eir)和风险指数编码法(RAC)评估了各湖区沉积物中As的生态风险水平.结果表明,各湖区表层沉积物中TAs的平均含量约为14.23~16.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中,竺山湾的TAs平均含量相对最高.As形态表现出明显的空间分布特征,其中,北部富营养湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾)中的有效态As(非专性吸附态和专性吸附态)与潜在有效态As(无定形氧化铁结合态、晶体形氧化铁结合态、有机结合态)的含量与百分比均高于中营养水平的南太湖,而北部湖区的残渣态As含量则低于南太湖.Pearson相关分析结果显示,除晶体形氧化铁结合态As和残渣态As外,沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和TOC与其他As形态均存在显著的正相关关系.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物TAs均处于低风险;而RAC评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物的有效态As基本处于中等风险水平,且北部湖区的RAC指数均明显高于南太湖.     

维生素B_1对毛纺废水活性污泥处理效果的影响

毛纺废水是难降解工业废水之一 ,以活性污泥为代表的处理系统还存在着COD去除率低等问题 .本文研究了微量维生素B1对活性污泥染料脱色、溶解性有机碳 (DOC)、COD去除以及污泥微生物呼吸活性等的影响 ,结果表明维生素B1可能是毛纺废水处理系统所需的生长因子之一 ;添加 0 5～ 2 0mg/L的维生素B1能够在一定程度上促进染料脱色、DOC和COD的去除效果以及污泥微生物的呼吸活性 ,其最大促进作用分别达到对照的 112 %、12 1%、15 6 %和 12 1% ;这些研究结果将为开展提高废水处理效率研究提供了新的思路     

含硅熔渣对水稻养分吸收及产量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了不同含硅熔渣对水稻养分的吸收和产量的影响，结果表明，在施用氮、磷、钾肥的基础上，增施不同类型的含硅熔渣，可提高水稻中硅和磷的含量，降低根系、茎叶和籽粒中的氮、钾含量，增加水稻对氮、磷、钾、硅的总吸收量。不同含硅熔渣的增产效果差异较大，增产最显著的是铁渣和黄磷炉渣，分别比对照增产43．4％和31．6％，施用含硅熔渣的各处理比对照平均增产19．1％，各处理间的产量经方差分析和多重比较达显著或极显著差异水平。扩散方程、Elovich方程和多项式方程均能很好地描述水稻生长期内水稻对N、P、K、Si的吸收过程，尤以多项式方程拟合最佳。     

城市化进程中战略环境评价的生态学理论基础

城市是一个自然-经济-社会复合生态系统，本文阐述了开展城市化进程中SEA的必然性及二者之间的关系；以可持续发展为核心的城市生态学理念为开展城市化进程的SEA提供了理论基础，同时城市化进程的SEA又是保证城市复合生态系统中生态与经济协调发展的有效工具之一。     

珠江三角洲城市生态安全水平对比研究

作为人口高度集聚的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,城市生态系统的安全性更加具有脆弱性。根据压力(Pressure)-状态(State)-响应(Response)模型,构建了一个4层次的城市生态安全水平度量的指标体系和综合评价模型。并以珠江三角洲经济区(2003年)为例,对其所辖9个城市的生态安全进行评估和对比分析。结果表明,处于“较安全”的城市有:惠州市、肇庆市、江门市、中山市和珠海市;处于“临界安全”的城市有深圳市;处于“较不安全”的城市有:广州市、佛山市;东莞市生态安全水平最低。     

新型并沟线夹的设计及其在配网线路中的应用

针对配网主干线与用户引流线截面差别较大而导致接续点严重发热的问题,深入分析了接触电阻增大的原因,设计出一种全包裹结构全压接形式的新型并沟线夹,并在配网线路中应用。应用结果表明:新型并沟线夹具有良好的电气特性,解决了不同截面导线的接续问题, 为电力行业解决异径导线接续问题提供了新的途径。     

Predicting Recovery Criteria for Threatened and Endangered Plant Species on the Basis of Past Abundances and Biological Traits

Recovery plans for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act are required to specify measurable criteria that can be used to determine when the species can be delisted. For the 642 listed endangered and threatened plant species that have recovery plans, we applied recursive partitioning methods to test whether the number of individuals or populations required for delisting can be predicted on the basis of distributional and biological traits, previous abundance at multiple time steps, or a combination of traits and previous abundances. We also tested listing status (threatened or endangered) and the year the recovery plan was written as predictors of recovery criteria. We analyzed separately recovery criteria that were stated as number of populations and as number of individuals (population‐based and individual‐based criteria, respectively). Previous abundances alone were relatively good predictors of population‐based recovery criteria. Fewer populations, but a greater proportion of historically known populations, were required to delist species that had few populations at listing compared with species that had more populations at listing. Previous abundances were also good predictors of individual‐based delisting criteria when models included both abundances and traits. The physiographic division in which the species occur was also a good predictor of individual‐based criteria. Our results suggest managers are relying on previous abundances and patterns of decline as guidelines for setting recovery criteria. This may be justifiable in that previous abundances inform managers of the effects of both intrinsic traits and extrinsic threats that interact and determine extinction risk. Predicción de Criterios de Recuperación para Especies de Plantas en Peligro y Amenazadas con Base en Abundancias Pasadas y Atributos Biológicos     

Actual and Potential Use of Population Viability Analyses in Recovery of Plant Species Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Use of population viability analyses (PVAs) in endangered species recovery planning has been met with both support and criticism. Previous reviews promote use of PVA for setting scientifically based, measurable, and objective recovery criteria and recommend improvements to increase the framework's utility. However, others have questioned the value of PVA models for setting recovery criteria and assert that PVAs are more appropriate for understanding relative trade‐offs between alternative management actions. We reviewed 258 final recovery plans for 642 plants listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act to determine the number of plans that used or recommended PVA in recovery planning. We also reviewed 223 publications that describe plant PVAs to assess how these models were designed and whether those designs reflected previous recommendations for improvement of PVAs. Twenty‐four percent of listed species had recovery plans that used or recommended PVA. In publications, the typical model was a matrix population model parameterized with ≤5 years of demographic data that did not consider stochasticity, genetics, density dependence, seed banks, vegetative reproduction, dormancy, threats, or management strategies. Population growth rates for different populations of the same species or for the same population at different points in time were often statistically different or varied by >10%. Therefore, PVAs parameterized with underlying vital rates that vary to this degree may not accurately predict recovery objectives across a species’ entire distribution or over longer time scales. We assert that PVA, although an important tool as part of an adaptive‐management program, can help to determine quantitative recovery criteria only if more long‐term data sets that capture spatiotemporal variability in vital rates become available. Lacking this, there is a strong need for viable and comprehensive methods for determining quantitative, science‐based recovery criteria for endangered species with minimal data availability. Uso Actual y Potencial del Análisis de Viabilidad Poblacional para la Recuperación de Especies de Plantas Enlistadas en el Acta de Especies En Peligro de E.U.A     

1999年11月29日辽宁省海城-岫岩5.6级地震震害统计和损失评估

在海城－岫岩５．６级地震中,震中区遭受到７度地震破坏,同时震区又遭受多次强余震,总直接经济损失８４８８．８万元,１６２９户房屋发生严重研究,５７３４人无家可归,由于震前进行了成功的预报,无人员伤亡发生。本次地震震区为农村,其中农村砖房大多数为基本完好和轻微破坏,而大量的石砌房屋则破坏较生,在重建家园中应采取必要的抗震措施。