珠江三角洲城市生态安全水平对比研究

作为人口高度集聚的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,城市生态系统的安全性更加具有脆弱性。根据压力(Pressure)-状态(State)-响应(Response)模型,构建了一个4层次的城市生态安全水平度量的指标体系和综合评价模型。并以珠江三角洲经济区(2003年)为例,对其所辖9个城市的生态安全进行评估和对比分析。结果表明,处于“较安全”的城市有:惠州市、肇庆市、江门市、中山市和珠海市;处于“临界安全”的城市有深圳市;处于“较不安全”的城市有:广州市、佛山市;东莞市生态安全水平最低。     

云南欠发达地区生鲜农产品冷链物流中的问题与对策

生鲜农产品冷链物流是云南省建设面向南亚、东南亚区域冷链物流中心的一个十分重要的组成部分,因此研究云南省欠发达地区生鲜农产品冷链物流存在的问题及其解决对策具有重要的意义.通过实地调研和访谈,得出云南省欠发达地区生鲜农产品冷链物流中存在产量分布不均、路况差、冷链设备运行和维护困难、冷储前预处理不合理等几大问题.在此基础上,提出借助物流选址理论科学选址,提高设备通过复杂路况能力,建立总公司技术人才定点帮扶制度,加强农产品预处理和预包装等多项对策措施.     

基于MATLAB的危险化学品GHS公示标签快速检索系统的设计与实现

随着我国全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)进程的进一步提速,对危险化学品实验室在化学品危险信息公示的工作质量和效率提出了更高的要求。基于MATLAB建立了一种GHS公示标签检索系统。该系统依据物质的GHS分类信息,实现象形图,危险说明,防范措施快速检索,经整合判别,去除冗余信息及GHS规定可合并的信息后,形成GHS标签,并以文档报告的形式快速给出结果。可由非专业人员操作完成,将公示标签的制作时间降为原来的1/6。同时可以实现多个物质中文和英文的GHS公示标签的自动批量检索和制作,适用于大型GHS数据库的建立。     

页岩气开采返排/产出水处理技术选择的评述与展望

页岩气是常规油气资源最现实的接替资源之一,但采用水力压裂(HF)技术的开采方法不仅水量耗费大,还会产生含复杂有机物的高盐度返排/产出水(FPW).这可能诱发水资源短缺、环境污染、人体和生态健康损害等风险.因此优化FPW的处理方法对于缓解和消除页岩气开采的生态环境风险极为重要.通过系统综述相关文献资料,主要从功效方面对FPW处理技术进行评估.以水资源利用最大化为目标,提出了处理后内部HF回用-外部回用-深井回注的FPW管理模式,并结合FPW的污染特征和不同处理目标以及多个国内外典型实例对相应管理模式下的处理技术进行推荐.最后基于资源化利用的理念,对FPW处理技术进行了展望,以期为页岩气开采FPW的管理提供支持.     

Predicting Recovery Criteria for Threatened and Endangered Plant Species on the Basis of Past Abundances and Biological Traits

Recovery plans for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act are required to specify measurable criteria that can be used to determine when the species can be delisted. For the 642 listed endangered and threatened plant species that have recovery plans, we applied recursive partitioning methods to test whether the number of individuals or populations required for delisting can be predicted on the basis of distributional and biological traits, previous abundance at multiple time steps, or a combination of traits and previous abundances. We also tested listing status (threatened or endangered) and the year the recovery plan was written as predictors of recovery criteria. We analyzed separately recovery criteria that were stated as number of populations and as number of individuals (population‐based and individual‐based criteria, respectively). Previous abundances alone were relatively good predictors of population‐based recovery criteria. Fewer populations, but a greater proportion of historically known populations, were required to delist species that had few populations at listing compared with species that had more populations at listing. Previous abundances were also good predictors of individual‐based delisting criteria when models included both abundances and traits. The physiographic division in which the species occur was also a good predictor of individual‐based criteria. Our results suggest managers are relying on previous abundances and patterns of decline as guidelines for setting recovery criteria. This may be justifiable in that previous abundances inform managers of the effects of both intrinsic traits and extrinsic threats that interact and determine extinction risk. Predicción de Criterios de Recuperación para Especies de Plantas en Peligro y Amenazadas con Base en Abundancias Pasadas y Atributos Biológicos     

Actual and Potential Use of Population Viability Analyses in Recovery of Plant Species Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Use of population viability analyses (PVAs) in endangered species recovery planning has been met with both support and criticism. Previous reviews promote use of PVA for setting scientifically based, measurable, and objective recovery criteria and recommend improvements to increase the framework's utility. However, others have questioned the value of PVA models for setting recovery criteria and assert that PVAs are more appropriate for understanding relative trade‐offs between alternative management actions. We reviewed 258 final recovery plans for 642 plants listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act to determine the number of plans that used or recommended PVA in recovery planning. We also reviewed 223 publications that describe plant PVAs to assess how these models were designed and whether those designs reflected previous recommendations for improvement of PVAs. Twenty‐four percent of listed species had recovery plans that used or recommended PVA. In publications, the typical model was a matrix population model parameterized with ≤5 years of demographic data that did not consider stochasticity, genetics, density dependence, seed banks, vegetative reproduction, dormancy, threats, or management strategies. Population growth rates for different populations of the same species or for the same population at different points in time were often statistically different or varied by >10%. Therefore, PVAs parameterized with underlying vital rates that vary to this degree may not accurately predict recovery objectives across a species’ entire distribution or over longer time scales. We assert that PVA, although an important tool as part of an adaptive‐management program, can help to determine quantitative recovery criteria only if more long‐term data sets that capture spatiotemporal variability in vital rates become available. Lacking this, there is a strong need for viable and comprehensive methods for determining quantitative, science‐based recovery criteria for endangered species with minimal data availability. Uso Actual y Potencial del Análisis de Viabilidad Poblacional para la Recuperación de Especies de Plantas Enlistadas en el Acta de Especies En Peligro de E.U.A     

混合滤料的润湿性及其过滤处理含油废水性能

为了探究两种润湿性相反的特殊润湿性滤料的耦合作用,将超疏水超亲油石英砂滤料和超亲水水下超疏油石英砂滤料均匀混合,研究了混合滤料的润湿性以及过滤除油性能.结果表明,两种滤料混合组成的固体表面润湿性不满足每种滤料润湿性的加权平均关系,更符合二次曲线关系,决定系数高达0.9992;交替润湿性对过滤除油效率具有耦合增强作用.混合滤料的疏水亲油性越强,其除油效率、归一化附着效率和渗透系数都越大,反之亦然.滤料粒径越小,归一化附着效率的变化斜率越大,而滤速和床深对归一化附着效率的变化斜率影响不明显.滤料的疏水性具有增阻的效应,流速的增加有助于增大滤层的渗透系数.以上研究成果可为特殊润湿性混合滤料过滤处理含油废水提供研究思路和参考.     

基于生命周期评价的页岩气开采返排-产出水处理技术选择

为探究页岩气开采废水(即返排-产出水)处理技术对环境生态的影响,针对页岩气开采废水的处理后内部回用以及达标排放两种管理模式,结合生命周期评价的理念,运用Simapro分析工具,创建LCA模型,对典型处理技术进行清单分析,评估处理技术中的资源、能源消耗和环境负荷,量化分析其对人群健康、生态环境质量和资源方面的影响,建立一种页岩气开采返排-产出水处理技术选择的评价方法.同时,以国内某页岩气田产出水处理工程为例,评估所选用处理技术的潜在环境影响.结果表明,内部回用模式下选用的混凝-絮凝处理技术对环境生态影响最小;达标排放模式下针对有机物去除,选用铁电极的电絮凝技术或曝气生物滤池对环境生态的影响较小.对于较低含盐量的开采废水的脱盐,选用的脱盐技术正渗透对环境的影响比反渗透小,但反渗透的脱盐效果更好.对于较高含盐量开采废水的脱盐,选用的多效蒸发-机械蒸汽再压缩技术对环境生态的影响较小.     

我国虾夷扇贝毒素的研究进展

虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxins, YTXs)是甲藻产生, 并可在滤食性生物体内累积的一类多环聚醚海洋微藻毒素。由于其经常与腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, DSP)中的大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid, OA)和鳍藻毒素(dinophysistoxins, DTXs)共同存在, 所以YTXs最初被划分为腹泻性贝毒。研究表明YTXs并不会诱导腹泻, 也不具有抑制蛋白磷酸酶2A活性的能力, 而是对动物的心脏、肝脏、神经系统造成损伤, 所以研究人员将其从DSP组中分离出来。随着对YTXs的分子生物学研究不断深入, 科研工作者已从贝类和甲藻中分离出100多种YTX同系物, 其中仅有约40种衍生物的结构通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术(LC-MS/MS)和核磁共振技术(NMR)得到证实。YTXs毒素广泛分布于全球海域, 其潜在威胁不容忽视。本文对虾夷扇贝毒素的来源、分布、毒性以及国内研究现状等进行了综述, 以期为深入研究、制定监测规划、预防和消除其危害提供理论基础。     

次氯酸钠对剑水蚤灭活动力学及紫外强化灭活

水源水体富营养化导致剑水蚤孳生,进入供水系统后威胁供水安全.为高效控制剑水蚤污染风险,通过适当增加NaClO灭活CT值（NaClO浓度与接触时间乘积）范围,系统研究了NaClO对剑水蚤灭活动力学过程,同时探讨了紫外照射对灭活效果的强化作用.结果表明：NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活动力学过程符合迟滞型两阶段准一级动力学过程,灭活反应活化能为3774J/mol;pH值对灭活动力学过程的影响,主要通过改变溶液中HOCl和ClO^-物质的量及其化学稳定性来实现.当灭活CT值超出70mg min/L时,中性条件下NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效率最高,碱性次之,酸性最差;浊度物质会削弱NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,浊度物质会迟滞NaClO从液相主体向剑水蚤体表边界层的传质过程,被剑水蚤体表吸附后也会阻碍NaClO向剑水蚤体内的渗透过程.紫外照射尽管无法实现对剑水蚤的灭活,但可以强化NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,经紫外照射后,剑水蚤灭活迟滞期消失或缩短,同时灭活反应速率常数增加.当pH值为6、7和8时,紫外照射预处理后,各自灭活反应速率常数分别由0.0093、0.02185和0.0206提高至0.0105、0.02673和0.0286.