土地利用规划的生态满意度评价与环境影响分析

摘 要： 土地利用总体规划的环境影响包括对传统环境影响评价要素的影响及对区域人-地系统的影响。土地利用总体规划中的刚性方案与弹性方案的环境影响有着不同的表现形式,它们使得土地利用规划的环境影响评价变得更为复杂。鉴于土地利用总体规划这一环境影响评价对象的特殊性,提出了土地利用总体规划环境影响分析与生态满意度评价的方法。根据仙桃市土地利用总体规划方案,识别了各种污染源。在MAPGIS支持下进行了面域分析与空间统计处理,预测了规划实施后主要环境指标的变化;根据预测的规划实施后的生态指标变化,进行生态满意度评价。结果表明：规划区预测生态满意度值为7485,生态环境总体处于良好水平,但水污染还比较严重,应该加强治理,固体废物无害化处理也应该得到重视。土地利用总体规划环境影响评价存在着诸多不确定性,评价过程中应根据规划内容与区域差异选择合适的指标建构生态满意度评价体系。     

NUA-DAS生态滤池中氨氧化菌群特征及脱氮效果

研究酸中和残渣（NUA）和脱水铝污泥（DAS）生态滤池中脱氮效果及氨氧化菌群（AOB）特征。为了解内在驱动因子,对脱氮效果进一步探究,从多样性和相似度角度研究AOB菌群时空分布规律以及对滤料环境的适应效果。系统在运行稳定后,装置总出水中NH3-N、TN的平均去除率达到75%和70%。结果表明,装置在不同运行时间、不同位置均存在AOB,随着系统的运行稳定,多样性较初始滤料中都有所增加。2种滤料都能够为AOB提供很好的生长环境,并且在pH显中性的DAS滤料中更加适合于AOB的生存繁殖。     

基于分形理论的徐州城市空间结构演变研究

基于迭代原理的城市形态分形研究方法,运用分形维数（相关维数、半径维数、膨胀维数）和标度曲线,定量分析了徐州城市空间结构演变规律。结果表明：分形维数可以定量揭示城市用地的空间分布和空间组织结构,标度曲线可以定量揭示不同空间尺度下各类用地的标度行为,二者相互结合可以更好地测度城市空间结构演变的规律;徐州城市居住用地、工业用地、交通用地空间分布的均质程度在逐渐增强,但公共设施用地空间分布的均质性较差;随着城市的扩张,居住用地和工业用地表现出显著的外迁趋势,市中心区的商服功能则进一步加强,城市由市中心向外围逐渐形成明显的“公共设施用地 居住用地 工业用地”布局的圈层结构,并在城市外围形成新的商服中心;与居住用地和公共设施用地相比,工业用地边界形态复杂,稳定性较差。     

苏南水稻土有机碳矿化特征及其与活性有机碳组分的关系

通过对江苏省常熟市全市范围代表性水稻土采样并布置室内短期(20d)培育实验,研究土壤有机碳矿化过程动态,并分析其与微生物生物量碳和水溶性有机碳含量的关系。结果表明:研究区域水稻土有机碳含量变化为4.88～27.31g/kg,平均为18.07g/kg,全氮含量变化为0.58～2.84g/kg,平均为1.86g/kg;微生物生物量碳、氮及水溶性有机碳含量分别为294.0～1287.4,18.54～81.78和7.01～28.79mg/kg,且不同土属间存在显著差异(p<0.05);土壤呼吸强度为34.76～191.68mgCO2/(kg·d),平均为79.93mgCO2/(kg·d),不同土属间高低顺序为乌栅土>乌黄泥土>灰黄泥土>白土>黄泥土>乌沙土;培养期内有机碳日均矿化量为10.76～65.20mg-CO2/kg,平均为40.46mgCO2/kg,有机碳累计矿化量为215.25～1302.13mgCO2/kg,平均为807.20mgCO2/kg,不同土属间有机碳日均矿化量和累计矿化量变化趋势为乌栅土>乌黄泥土>乌沙土>白土>灰黄泥土>黄泥土;研究区域水稻土有机碳矿化率为3.07%～7.58%,但不同土属间差...     

含硅熔渣对水稻养分吸收及产量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了不同含硅熔渣对水稻养分的吸收和产量的影响，结果表明，在施用氮、磷、钾肥的基础上，增施不同类型的含硅熔渣，可提高水稻中硅和磷的含量，降低根系、茎叶和籽粒中的氮、钾含量，增加水稻对氮、磷、钾、硅的总吸收量。不同含硅熔渣的增产效果差异较大，增产最显著的是铁渣和黄磷炉渣，分别比对照增产43．4％和31．6％，施用含硅熔渣的各处理比对照平均增产19．1％，各处理间的产量经方差分析和多重比较达显著或极显著差异水平。扩散方程、Elovich方程和多项式方程均能很好地描述水稻生长期内水稻对N、P、K、Si的吸收过程，尤以多项式方程拟合最佳。     

新型组合脱硫除尘工艺的应用研究

采用新型高效的多电场静电消烟凝并除尘器与湿式除尘器串级组成二级除尘系统,可以有效地治理工业锅炉的烟尘,是改造湿法除尘系统、提高除尘脱硫效率的新方法;测定结果同时表明,电除尘器对系统的脱硫无贡献.     

生态住宅小区雨水利用与水景观系统案例分析

以某住宅小区为例，进行雨水利用和水景观系统的方案设计，根据水量平衡计算，充分利用小区汇集的雨水作为绿化和景观用水；并充分考虑雨水径流的污染和小区水体的水质，合理地设计雨水的截污、净化和景观湖的水循环与水质保障措施。强调系统和生态学的观点。     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下,既可涵养地下水,又截留处置了部分雨水,减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染,是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源,本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

Predicting Recovery Criteria for Threatened and Endangered Plant Species on the Basis of Past Abundances and Biological Traits

Recovery plans for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act are required to specify measurable criteria that can be used to determine when the species can be delisted. For the 642 listed endangered and threatened plant species that have recovery plans, we applied recursive partitioning methods to test whether the number of individuals or populations required for delisting can be predicted on the basis of distributional and biological traits, previous abundance at multiple time steps, or a combination of traits and previous abundances. We also tested listing status (threatened or endangered) and the year the recovery plan was written as predictors of recovery criteria. We analyzed separately recovery criteria that were stated as number of populations and as number of individuals (population‐based and individual‐based criteria, respectively). Previous abundances alone were relatively good predictors of population‐based recovery criteria. Fewer populations, but a greater proportion of historically known populations, were required to delist species that had few populations at listing compared with species that had more populations at listing. Previous abundances were also good predictors of individual‐based delisting criteria when models included both abundances and traits. The physiographic division in which the species occur was also a good predictor of individual‐based criteria. Our results suggest managers are relying on previous abundances and patterns of decline as guidelines for setting recovery criteria. This may be justifiable in that previous abundances inform managers of the effects of both intrinsic traits and extrinsic threats that interact and determine extinction risk. Predicción de Criterios de Recuperación para Especies de Plantas en Peligro y Amenazadas con Base en Abundancias Pasadas y Atributos Biológicos     

Actual and Potential Use of Population Viability Analyses in Recovery of Plant Species Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Use of population viability analyses (PVAs) in endangered species recovery planning has been met with both support and criticism. Previous reviews promote use of PVA for setting scientifically based, measurable, and objective recovery criteria and recommend improvements to increase the framework's utility. However, others have questioned the value of PVA models for setting recovery criteria and assert that PVAs are more appropriate for understanding relative trade‐offs between alternative management actions. We reviewed 258 final recovery plans for 642 plants listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act to determine the number of plans that used or recommended PVA in recovery planning. We also reviewed 223 publications that describe plant PVAs to assess how these models were designed and whether those designs reflected previous recommendations for improvement of PVAs. Twenty‐four percent of listed species had recovery plans that used or recommended PVA. In publications, the typical model was a matrix population model parameterized with ≤5 years of demographic data that did not consider stochasticity, genetics, density dependence, seed banks, vegetative reproduction, dormancy, threats, or management strategies. Population growth rates for different populations of the same species or for the same population at different points in time were often statistically different or varied by >10%. Therefore, PVAs parameterized with underlying vital rates that vary to this degree may not accurately predict recovery objectives across a species’ entire distribution or over longer time scales. We assert that PVA, although an important tool as part of an adaptive‐management program, can help to determine quantitative recovery criteria only if more long‐term data sets that capture spatiotemporal variability in vital rates become available. Lacking this, there is a strong need for viable and comprehensive methods for determining quantitative, science‐based recovery criteria for endangered species with minimal data availability. Uso Actual y Potencial del Análisis de Viabilidad Poblacional para la Recuperación de Especies de Plantas Enlistadas en el Acta de Especies En Peligro de E.U.A