宽炭化室焦炉更换周转时间管理经验

分析宽炭化室焦炉在更换结焦时间下生产管理的几点体会和在强化生产下技术管理的经验.     

Ash from the combustion of wood treated with inorganic wood preservatives: Element composition and leaching

Wood samples impregnated with inorganic wood preservatives containing the elements arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, fluorine, and/or zinc were burned in a furnace. Three different kinds of ash were collected: furnace, boiler, and so-called fly ash. Analyses showed that the ash contained large amounts of elements originating from the inorganic wood preservatives. Further interest was focused on the leachability of the above-mentioned elements. For this purpose a laboratory batch leaching test according to the German Standard DIN 38 414 part 4 was chosen. The results indicate that the leachability is in a range where the release of these elements to the environment from deposited ash can be considered as detrimental.     

Quantifying the sorption of organic chemicals on sediments

The use of a reference compound to quantify the sorption of nonpolar organic chemicals is proposed. This is because organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients (K_OC) do appear to be dependent on the type of sediment, and are thus not generally applicable to characterize the sorption properties of chemicals. Therefore, in this paper the hypothesis that nonpolar chemicals sorb in a constant ratio, independent of the sediment, has been investigated. Evidence for this hypothesis is shown with data from the literature. This enables one to compare sorption properties of nonpolar compounds on different sediments, if the differences between the sediments are normalized with a reference chemical rather than with the organic carbon content. Sediments with an organic carbon content of less than 0.1% seem to be unsuitable, because the compounds do not sorb mainly on the organic carbon, but also on other parts of the sediment. Sorption coefficients of compounds with aqueous solubilities in the μg per liter range or octan-1-ol water partition coefficients of more than 10⁵ are strongly influenced by the experimental techniques used. For these compounds the sorption coefficients measured by different techniques are less comparable. To enable comparison of sorption coefficients of hydrophobic chemicals, the use of a chlorobenzene as a reference compound in sorption experiments is suggested.     

基于污泥堆肥产物与余泥渣土制备的人工土壤的理化性质分析与评价

为实现污水厂污泥及余泥渣土的协同处理和资源化利用,以“两步法”制备人工土壤,考察不同配比条件对人工土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：污水污泥与3种不同辅料 (玉米秸秆、菌菇渣、木屑) 配比后进行好氧堆肥,堆肥结束后腐熟度符合国家相关标准要求,将污泥堆肥产物和余泥渣土制备得到人工土壤,其理化性质与天然土壤类似。堆肥添加量能显著影响人工土壤水稳性团聚体、pH值、EC、有机质、总氮及有效磷含量,在人工土壤种植应用时,污泥+玉米秸秆的堆肥种植效果最好,采用改进的内罗梅综合指数法进行综合评价,综合考虑,污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为30%、余泥渣土添加量为70%和污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为50%、余泥渣土添加量为50%是最优质的人工土壤,污泥+木屑堆肥次之,污泥+菌菇渣堆肥效果最差。     

A qualitative field method for monitoring pesticides in the edge-of-field runoff

A field method is described, which allows the qualitative estimation of pesticide contamination in the edgeof-field runoff. The method employs cheap and easy-to-use runoff sampling bottles, which were installed in an agricultural stream catchment over a period of three growing seasons. During this time 18 runoff events were detected, in nine of which insecticide contamination was measured (maximum concentrations: lindane 0.7 μg l⁻¹ and 12.7 μg kg⁻¹, parathion 20 μg l⁻¹ and 728 μg kg⁻, fenvalerate 18.4 μg 1-1 and 924 μg kg⁻¹). These insecticides were detected mainly as particle-bound chemicals. On about 80 % of the occasions the presence or absence of runoff measured in the field was in agreement with a simulation of runoff presence or absence using the runoff model KINEROS.     

Einsatz der Hasse-Diagrammtechnik zur vergleichenden Datenanalyse von Biomarkerantworten und ?kotoxikologischen Tests

Die ?kotoxikologie mu? sich mit biologischen Systemen und ihren Antworten auf schadstoffinduzierten Stre? auseinandersetzen. Die hierzu verwendete experimentelle Technik eilt dabei den M?glichkeiten dynamischer, proze?orientierter mathematischer Modellierung weit voraus. In dieser methodisch orientierten Arbeit werden Techniken aus der mathematischen Disziplin der Verbandstheorie vorgestellt, die eine Datenanalyse unter den Aspekten vergleichender Bewertung erlauben. Wichtige Ergebnisse sind dabei

Biotoxizit?tstests mit PAK Die Nodulation in der Leguminosen-Rhizobien-Symbiose als sensibler Wirkungsparameter

Im Zusammenhang mit der Umweltchemikalienprüfung und der Untersuchung und Kontrolle kontaminierter B?den besteht gro?er Bedarf an Testverfahren mit h?heren Pflanzen, die schnell, einfach und preisgünstig durchzuführen sind und bereits bestehende Testverfahren nach OECD- und BBA-Richtlinien sinnvoll erg?nzen k?nnen. Dieser Beitrag stellt einen Biotoxizit?tstest vor, der die Nodulation in der Leguminosen-Kn?llchen-Symbiose als sensiblen Wirkungsparameter für die Belastung mit polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) benutzt. Fremdstoff, Pflanze und Mikroorganismus werden dabei auf einer festen Matrix in Kontakt miteinander gebracht; das axenische System erlaubt die Untersuchung der Fremdstoffwirkung sowohl auf den Gesamtorganismus Pflanze, als auch auf die Interaktion von Pflanze und Mikroorganismus (Kn?llchenbildung). In Dose-Response-Versuchen zeigte sich der Wirkungsparameter Nodulation, gemessen als Anzahl Wurzelkn?llchen pro Pflanze, sensibler als andere pflanzliche Wachstumsparameter. There is great need for toxicity tests with higher plants for the investigation and monitoring of chemicals in the environment — especially for tests which are quick, easy, and inexpensive. Such tests should add to and improve current guidelines, e.g., OECD- and BBA-Guidelines. This article describes the nodulation of leguminous plants withRhizobium bacteria used in a bioassay with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Plants growing on a solid medium were exposed simultaneously to bacteria and PAH. This axenic culture system allows to observe the impact of PAH on plant growth and the interaction between plant and bacteria (nodulation). Dose-response-experiments indicated that nodulation measured as number of nodules per plant, was more sensitive to the inhibition by PAH than other plant growth parameters.     

Grundwasserbelastung durch Rüstungsaltlast-Emissionen Nachweis von Arsenkampfstoffen und weiteren kampfmittelspezifischen Rückst?nden

Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von Wasserproben aus dem Einflu?ereich der Rüstungsaltlast „Dethlinger Teich“ bei Munster/Niedersachsen werden dargestellt und bewertet. Von mehr als 50 untersuchten spezifischen Substanzen wurden Arsenkampfstoffe als Hauptkontaminanten erkannt. Im Rahmen der Gef?hrdungsabsch?tzung wird hier erstmals eine Analysenmethode zur Unterscheidung zwischen anorganisch und organisch gebundenem Arsen vorgestellt. Groundwater analyses in the area of the former munitions depository (World War II) „Dethlinger Teich“ near Munster/Niedersachsen were evaluated. Results from 50 different chemical substances showed that arsenic compounds are the main contaminating chemicals. A new method has been developed to distinguish between morganically- and organically bound compounds. This differentiation is required for risk assessment and evaluation. Also, the relationship of chemical structure and physiological effects in organo arsenic compounds is described.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soil profiles from Tianjin, China

Soil cores were collected from soils at five sites in Tianjin area for the determination of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs, including alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH and delta-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDXs, including p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD) and total organic carbon (TOC). The levels and vertical distributions of HCHs and DDXs are studied. Results show that the application of pesticides in the past years was the major contributor of HCHs and DDXs accumulation in the sampling areas. Significant positive correlations were seen between the residual and application amounts of HCHs and DDXs. Wastewater irrigation did not bring a significant contribution of HCHs or DDXs into the soils. HCHs and DDXs concentrations peak at the surface and decline in soil profile with depth, while fluctuations were observed in the plow layers of some cultivated soils caused by frequent cultivation activities and batch irrigation. Positive correlations were observed between the contents of TOC and HCHs and DDTs. Although the amounts of HCHs application in all sampling sites are larger than DDXs, at surface and near surface layers of most sampling sites, the concentrations of summation operatorHCHs are lower than summation operatorDDXs. The composition of DDXs in the applied pesticides and sampled soils indicates that there is no recent DDT input at the sample areas.