Status of air pollution in Beijing

A study has been made on elements organic constituents, TSP, SO2,NO2 of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing. 17 elements, and some PAHs, e. g. B(a)P, B(b, j, k)P, and B(g, h, i)P, in airborne particles by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC, GC/MS, have been determined respectively. It has been shown that the elements Pb, Zn, S and Cu were more enriched in fine particles and different valence states of sulfur at various sites. It was found that the concentrations of S6+ and S2-were more than 85% and less than 15% of the total sulfur respectively. Concentrations of major PAHs and sulfur-containing compounds increased in winter and in urban area. High values for Pb and Zn in city, Fe and Mn at industrial area and Cu, Al rural sites were obtained respectively. This implies the functions of different elemental sources of various sites. Thus, elements can be from distingushed anthropogenic and natural sources.The main contribution of SO2 was found of to have same seasonal variation as the anthropogenic el     

重庆南山马尾松林衰亡与大气污染关系的讨论

重庆市南郊的南山是一个风景区,有林地约二万七千余亩,主要是马尾松林(Pinusmassoniana Lamb.),自八十年代起明显出现衰亡现象,目前约有85％马尾松植株受到不同程度的伤害,死亡率达35％左右.马尾松出现的症状是针尖坏死,针叶提早脱落,针长变短,树冠稀疏,枝条枯死,径向生长变弱等.     

降解酚的根瘤菌的研究

对两铢以铺代谢方式降解酚和离体固氮的根瘤菌(代号为:101-3,97-1)的特性进行了研究,其耐酚能力在1200ppm内,五天内能在完全培养基中把300ppm苯酚降解完;在含酚培养基中多次传代后,生长周期加快、产气,而结瘤特性丧失,但离体固氮酶活性比原菌株略有增加。经60ppm的吖啶橙处理后,获得的无质粒菌株,其降解酚的能力和结瘤特性完全消失,TTC(3-苯基-4-氮唑化氯)还原性增加,而革兰氏染色反应、运功性不变。     

土地资源承载力若干问题浅析

本文就当前土地资源承载力研究中所遇到的若干问题,从土地资源承载力定义的理解、土地生产力的计算、单产预测、土地资源评价和土地利用结构调整等5个方面进行了探讨。 如何定义和理解土地资源人口承载力是进行这项研究的关键。以研究土地资源人口承载力为目的的土地资源评价是进行土地生产力计算和土地利用结构调整必不可少的基础。根据统计资料预测的作物单产,不能反映出土地生产力,而使用农业生态地带法计算作物单产目前也存在着一些问题。     

草甸棕壤中镉、铅、油含量对微生物类群和生化活性的影响

本研究以重金属化合物(CdCl_2、PbCl_2)和矿物油作为土壤的污染物,分析土壤中镉、铅、油的含量对土壤微生物类群与生化活性的影响。结果表明,镉、铅、油对水旱田中的细菌抑制作用比较明显,对放线菌、真菌抑制作用较差。小剂量的镉、铅、油对固氮菌有刺激作用,大剂量则有抑制作用。对尿酶和硝化细菌的代谢有明显抑制作用,对其它酶类不明显。 从含重金属的平板培养基上反映出土壤对重金属的掩蔽作用。污染物对微生物的生化活性的临界毒害浓度分别为:镉 5—60ppm;铅 300—500ppm;油 500—5000ppm。     

放射性核素在海水、底质及海洋生物间的转移--Ⅰ.核素进入海水后的初始状态

作者在建立的人工小生境中,研究了具有生态学意义的~(137)Cs、~(134)Cs、~(65)Zn、~(60)Co、~(59)Fe、~(54)Mn等核素在海水、底质及海洋生物间的转移规律.本文是该项研究的第一部分,研究悬浮物、底质对核素的富集和吸附,考察了核素进入海水后的初始状态.     

热带假丝酵母314号固定化细胞分解苯酚的研究

1.比较了三种生长培养基对热带假丝酵母314号细胞分解苯酚活力的影响。在以苯酚为碳源的培养基中生长的细胞酶活力较高,125mg湿细胞一小时可分解苯酚5425.8μg。用3.0%的琼脂固定化后,固定化细胞酶的相对活力为44.4%。诱导能显著地提高固定化细胞的酶活力,最适的诱导时间为12—18个小时。 2.比较了固定化细胞和自然细胞的某些性质。两种细胞反应的最适温度均为37℃;反应的pH范围均在3.5—11之间;固定化细胞热稳定性稍差;Cu~(2 )和Zn~(2 )对自然细胞的活性有一定抑制作用;CN-明显抑制两种细胞酶活力。 3.固定化细胞装柱后连续处理浓度约为150ppm的苯酚溶液,20天内的出水酚浓度平均为0.29ppm,在此条件下固定化细胞的半衰期为11天。 4.连续处理苯酚过程中,固定化细胞所丧失的酶活力可以通过再培养得到恢复。     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ)on a green alga(ChloreUa pyrenoidosa)in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples(without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ)was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ)concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ)on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ)concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ)from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ)played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

Stability analysis of alkaline nitrobenzene-containing wastewater by a catalyzed Fe-Cu treatment process

Iron and copper bimetallic system (catalyzed Fe-Cu process) is a promising technology for alkaline nitrobenzene-containing wastewater treatment. However, little is currently known about the changes of treatment efficiency with time going. This research investigated the long-term performance of the catalyzed Fe-Cu process to reduce nitrobenzene (NB) in alkaline wastewater. In addition, the changes of the metal surfaces morphologies and matters before and after the reaction were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The results showed that the surface properties of copper almost remained unchanged after weeks of operation, which spelled its strong chemical stability and resistance to poisoning. Moreover, the results indicated that there were two reasons for the treatment efficiency decreasing with time. One was the gradual iron element consumption due to corrosion. The other was iron reactivity weakened due to the precipitates accumulation on the surfaces that were mainly Fe₃O₄ and FeCO. __________ Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2006, 28(10): 783–785 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

企业污染治理设施运行存在的问题和政府管理对策

由浙江省嘉兴市环境保护主管部门的环境处罚案件表明,排污企业污染治理设施运行存在的问题是导致超标排污的主要原因.在通过对该市大量排污企业污染治理设施运行管理情况调查分析的基础上,总结出目前企业内部污染治理设施运行管理中存在的主要问题有:企业对环保工作主观重视程度不够、污染治理设施建设滞后引起超负荷运行、疏于维护管理导致不能发挥正常治污效果、操作管理人员专业文化素质偏低引起操作不当以及处理设施被擅自改变、拆除或者闲置;同时对这些问题的产生原因进行了分析.并从宣传教育、加强企业环境管理、严格执法和推行政策等方面提出了相应的管理对策.