粉煤灰沸石负载Ce^3＋／TiO2光催化降解水中的菲和荧蒽

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,粉煤灰合成沸石为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶方法,在低温条件下制备了稀土铈掺杂的TiO2光催化剂。利用SEM—EDS、XRD、FTIR对催化剂进行了分析和表征。以高压汞灯为灯源,对多环芳烃菲、荧蒽的降解进行了研究。实验考查了稀土铈掺杂质量分数、催化剂用量、溶液pH、目标物初始质量浓度等因素对光催化降解的影响,研究了其光降解动力学。结果表明,当稀土铈含量为0．5％,催化剂用量为3g／L,pH偏碱性时,催化效果最佳。光催化反应符合Langmuir—Hinshelwood动力学规律,菲、荧蒽的降解过程符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数分别为0．0126min^-1,0．0099min^-1。     

KMnO4缓释剂的释放性能及其在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

为延长KMnO4在地下水原位修复中的作用时间,通过改变KMnO4与石蜡的分散方式以及KMnO4与石蜡的质量比(P/W),对KMnO4缓释剂的制备过程进行了优化.采用超声与搅拌联用(搅拌速度150 r/min)的分散方式更有利于KMnO4的均匀分布,随着P/W的升高,KMnO4负载量逐渐增大而绝对回收率逐渐减小.静态实验分别研究了缓释剂在8℃、不同pH与DO浓度下的释放性能.结果表明,在8℃环境下,缓释剂仍具有释放性能;缓释剂受pH影响较大而受DO浓度影响较小.利用缓释剂降解垃圾渗滤液中的COD以及对沉淀物进行定量分析.结果表明,缓释剂对COD去除率可高达57.1％,而沉淀量最少仅为投加纯KMnO4的8.5％.     

生态文明视角下的“城市矿山”开发与利用

生态文明强调人与自然和谐发展,追求社会发展与生态环境的内在平衡.生态文明是人类的觉醒与社会的进步,用生态文明理念指导“城市矿山”的开发,必将开拓创新思路,走出一条高效、绿色的可持续发展之路,引领生态文明发展新潮流.     

Is an assessment factor of 10 appropriate to account for the variation in chemical toxicity to freshwater ectotherms under different thermal conditions?

Ecotoxicity tests are often conducted following standard methods, and thus carried out at a fixed water temperature under controlled laboratory conditions. Yet, toxicity of a chemical contaminant may vary in a temperature-dependent manner, depending on the physiology of the test organism and physicochemical properties of the chemical. Although an assessment factor of 10 (AF10) is commonly adopted to account for variability in toxicity data related to temperature in the development of water quality guidelines and/or ecological risk assessment, no one has ever rigorously assessed the appropriateness of AF10 to account for potential variation in temperature-dependent chemical toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study, therefore, aims to address this issue through a meta-analysis by comparing median lethal concentration data for nine chemicals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, silver, zinc, arsenic, selenium and DDT) on a range of freshwater ectothermic animal species at different temperatures, and to assess whether AF10 is under- or over-protective for tropical and temperate freshwater ecosystems. Our results reveal varying extents of interaction between temperature and different chemicals on organisms and the complexity of these interactions. Applying AF10 sufficiently protects 90 % of the animal species tested over a range of temperatures for cadmium, copper, nickel, silver, zinc and DDT in the tropics, but it is insufficient to adequately encompass a larger temperature variation for most studied chemicals in temperate regions. It is therefore important to set specific AFs for different climatic zones in order to achieve the desired level of ecosystem protection.     

The behaviors and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a coking wastewater treatment plant

The occurrence, behaviors and fate of 18 PAHs were investigated in a coking wastewater treatment plant in Songshan coking plant, located in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province of China. It was found that the target compounds occurred widely in raw coking wastewater, treated effluent, sludge and gas samples. In raw coking wastewater, high molecular weight (MW) PAHs were the dominant compounds, while 3-6 ring PAHs predominated in the final effluent. The dominant compounds in gas samples were phenathrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, while they were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[k]fluoranthene for sludge. The process achieved over 97% removal for all the PAHs, 47-92% of eliminations of these target compounds in liquid phase were achieved in biological stage. Different behaviors of PAHs were observed in the primary tank, anaerobic tank, aerobic tank, hydrolytic tank and coagulation tank units, while heavier and lower ones were mainly removed in anaerobic tank and aerobic tanks, respectively. Regarding the fate of PAHs, calculated fractions of mass losses for low MW PAHs due to transformation and adsorption to sludge accounted for 15-50% and 24-49%, respectively, while the rest was less than 1%. For high MW PAHs, the mass losses were mainly due to adsorption to sludge and separation with tar (contributing 56-76% and 22-39%, respectively), and the removal through transformation was less.     

中国商品有机肥重金属分析

测定了来自10个地区不同生产原料的118个商品有机肥样品的重金属含量.结果表明:(1)商品有机肥样品中的Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Zn、Cu、Ni的平均值分别为0.600、0.120、7.34、84.30、9.45、202.91、91.06、11.01 mg/kg.(2)河南、湖北、上海的商品有机肥中8种重金属平均值均较高;内蒙古的商品有机肥中Cr平均值为20.32 mg/kg,广西的商品有机肥中Zn平均值为51.36mg/kg,远低于所有样品中Cr和Zn平均值.(3)以猪粪为主要生产原料的商品有机肥中重金属平均值最高.(4)Cr超过中国商品有机肥重金属限量标准、欧盟生态标志法的重金属限量标准、加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级)和加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(B级);As、Cd超过中国商品有机肥重金属限量标准、欧盟生态标志法的重金属限量标准和加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级);Cu、Zn超过欧盟生态标志法的重金属限量标准和加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级);Hg超过加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级);Pb超过中国商品有机肥重金属限量标准;Ni均未超标.     

个人特征、家庭特征对农村非农就业影响的实证

工业化对于一个国家或地区经济腾飞的重要性,已经被西方发达国家的经验和道路所证实。在实现工业化的过程中,农村劳动力转移是世界各国都曾经或必将面对的重要课题。本文运用行为主义研究方法,利用2003-2006年全国农村固定观察点的数据,建立Probit模型实证分析了农民个体特征和农户家庭特征对农村非农就业的影响。研究发现:就样本个人特征而言,户主或家庭主要经营者、男性、文化程度较高、身体健康的农民从事农村非农就业的意愿更强,职业教育或培训对于农村非农就业有明显的促进作用,而是否农业户口对农村非农就业的影响并不明显。就样本家庭特征而言,家庭类型会影响农民在农村的非农就业倾向,同时,乡村干部户从事非农产业的倾向性更强,少数民族户和信教户从事非农产业的倾向性较弱,"是否国家干部职工户"、"是否党员户"对农村非农就业的影响并不显著。重视农民的个人特征和家庭特征差异,大力发展农村非农产业,促进农村非农就业是我国政府解决农村剩余劳动力转移问题的重要战略选择。     

区域科学发展不同评价体系比较研究

构建区域科学发展评价体系需要解决区域发展要素协同演化的综合测度问题,通过利益统筹引导区域资源和谐配置.现有不同评价体系在设计原理、指标构成、数据处理与权重分配方面具有差异性.但评价结果具有相似性.它们的共性之处在于:以五个统筹为基础,逻辑主线是调解人与人之间、人与自然之间的矛盾;大多采用层次分析法和模糊数学法,不能反映出指标之间的包含关系、相关关系以及逻辑关系,可能导致具有高度相关性的指标被重复使用;仅适台一般区域评价,不适合特定区域评价;评价方法较为单一、评价指标设置过多、以人为本的思想尚未充分体现.本文提出了进一步的研究内容:以实现包容性增长为目标构建区域发展要素资本体系;指标的内在逻辑关系围绕经济学模式、社会学模式、生态学模式展开;并将区域可比性、区域特殊性、区域层次性、发展潜力性、指标前瞻性等纳入评价体系的范畴.     

PBDD/F impurities in some commercial deca-BDE

The study presented the concentrations and distributions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) as impurities in some commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) mixtures that were produced by several manufacturers. The total concentrations of 12 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to octa-BDD/F congeners were found to be in the range of 3.4-13.6 (mean 7.8) μg/g, averagely accounting for 99% of total PBDD/Fs. OBDF was the prevailing congener, followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF. In addition, OBDD and 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxBDF were also obviously detectable. The total concentrations of PBDD/Fs varied both between the manufacturers and between the lots. On the basis of the global demand for the commercial DBDE in 2001, the annual potential emissions of PBDD/Fs were calculated coarsely to be 0.43 (range: 0.21-0.78) tons. The major dioxin congeners, OBDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, presenting in DBDE, were estimated to be formed from BDE-209, BDE-206, and/or BDE-207 via an intra-molecular elimination of Br₂/HBr.     

燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术研究进展

针对近年来的燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的发展现状,综述了吸附脱汞和氧化脱汞技术的最新研究进展,重点介绍了活性炭吸附剂吸附脱汞技术和光催化氧化脱汞技术.鉴于活性炭吸附脱汞和光催化氧化脱汞都同时存在吸附和氧化2种反应,提出吸附—光催化脱汞技术将成为今后燃煤烟气汞污染控制的研究方向.