港口罢工对周边空气质量的影响

港口污染物的排放浓度极大地影响着周边的空气质量,以2013年3月28日香港国际集装箱码头发生的罢工事件为契机来探究港口运作短暂的瘫痪对周边空气质量的影响。首先,进行污染物之间的相关性分析确定影响本次罢工事件的污染物主要为NO_2、NO_x、SO_2以及O_3。其次,基于罢工前、罢工期间以及罢工后污染物排放的浓度变化,进行横向对比发现罢工期间的污染物确实有一定程度的减少。再次,利用纵向对比排除四季带来的影响探究不同年份同一阶段污染物浓度的变化情况评估罢工期间的空气质量。最后,以NO_2为例建立预测模型对罢工期间的NO_2浓度进行预测,根据实际值与预测值之间的差异来说明罢工影响了NO_2的预测趋势。这项研究主要强调港口空气质量对整个环境的影响,在一定程度上说明政府实施政策的有效性,为政府提供了决策支持,同时也要注重污染物之间的相互转化作用对环境的影响。     

潜流人工湿地处理地下水TCE污染实验研究

分别构建无植物、宽叶香蒲和芦苇3组潜流人工湿地系统,研究潜流人工湿地对受到TCE(三氯乙烯)污染地下水的处理效果。实验结果表明:无植物湿地系统和芦苇湿地系统的出水TCE去除率波动较大,香蒲湿地系统出水TCE去除率相对稳定,其出水TCE平均去除率为77.7%,最大值为87.5%,最小值为70.7%。对于无植物湿地系统,湿地床中层和下层的TCE去除率相差较大,而该差异在香蒲和芦苇湿地系统中并不明显。在湿地系统中TCE沿水平方向的降解反应基本符合一级反应动力学模型。     

基于主成分分析法的陕北地区可持续发展对比研究

基于可持续发展基本理论,选取60项指标建立陕北地区可持续发展评价指标体系,采用软件SPSS(19.0)进行主成分分析,分别对延安市、榆林市2000—2014年的可持续发展水平、可持续发展潜力和可持续发展协调度进行动态对比分析。结果表明延安市、榆林市发展基本趋于一致:可持续发展水平较高,但可持续发展潜力明显不足,可持续发展协调度较低;制约其可持续发展的主要因素在于资源发展动力不足、产业结构单一、环境的恶化及治理的低效。     

梁平县境内高滩河水质的空间分布及其对土地利用方式的响应

以梁平县境内高滩河流域为研究对象,综合应用GIS空间分析、Pearson相关分析和RDA冗余分析方法,研究在子流域尺度上COD、BOD5、氨氮和总磷4种水质要素对土地利用方式的生态响应。结果表明:高滩河流域土地利用类型对水质要素有着重要影响,林地能够改善河道水环境,旱地和城镇村和工矿用地是COD、BOD5和氨氮的主要污染来源,园地、交通运输用地以及水域对污染物的影响较弱,说明农业面源污染和农村居民生活污染是高滩河水质恶化的主要原因。     

Bioaccumulation and the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 genes in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to difenoconazole

This study was conducted to assess the effects of difenoconazole (DFZ), a triazole fungicide, on the hepatic biotransformation system and its bioaccumulation in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Fish were exposed to DFZ (1, 10, 100, 1000 ng/L) for 180 days. The results showed that: (1) The mRNA levels of hepatic CYP1A1, CYP1B, CYP1C1, CYP27B and CYP3A40 were up-regulated, but those of CYP3A38 and CYP27A1 were down-regulated. (2) The activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver were increased in the DFZ-treated groups, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was increased in the 100 and 1000 ng/L groups. (3) DFZ was accumulated in the muscle and the biological concentration factors in the 10, 100, and 1000 ng/L groups were respectively 149, 81 and 25. These results suggested that long-term exposure to DFZ at low concentrations would result in a bioaccumulation of this compound and disturb the biotransformation system.     

Amoxicillin effects on functional microbial community and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in amoxicillin manufacture wastewater treatment system

This study aimed to reveal how amoxicillin(AMX) affected the microbial community and the spread mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in the AMX manufacture wastewater treatment system. For this purpose, a 1.47 L expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB) reactor was designed and run for 241 days treating artificial AMX manufacture wastewater. 454 pyrosequencing was applied to analyze functional microorganisms in the system. The antibiotic genes OXA_(-1), OXA_(-2), OXA_(-10), TEM_(-1), CTX-M_(-1), class I integrons(intI1) and 16 SrRNA genes were also examined in sludge samples. The results showed that the genera Ignavibacterium, Phocoenobacter,Spirochaeta, Aminobacterium and Cloacibacillus contributed to the degradation of different organic compounds(such as various sugars and amines). And the relative quantification of eachβ-lactam resistance gene in the study was changed with the increasing of AMX concentration.Furthermore the vertical gene transfer was the main driver for the spread of ARGs rather than horizontal transfer pathways in the system.     

Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

恶臭污染排放源指纹谱编制及初步应用

为了识别恶臭污染源排放特征以及了解不同行业恶臭物质排放差异,对恶臭污染排放源指纹谱指标物质进行了筛选,并依据筛选结果对6家典型恶臭排放企业进行样品采集及分析,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.结果表明:①通过物质嗅觉阈值与AMGE（ambient multimedia environmental goals,周围环境目标值）和RfC（reference concentration,健康风险参考浓度）对比以及结合国内外恶臭标准受控物质和现有的标准检测方法,最终确定了包括三甲胺、硫化氢、甲硫醇等典型恶臭物质在内的19种物质作为指纹谱指标物质.②依据我国现行的标准监测分析方法对19种恶臭指标物进行检测,初步得到了各家企业的恶臭物质指纹谱数据,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.③指纹谱成分分析结果显示,污水处理厂主要的恶臭物质是硫化氢,ρ（硫化氢）为44.566 mg/m3;涂料企业ρ（甲基乙基酮）、ρ（丁醛）和ρ（乙酸乙酯）较高,分别为39.037、28.757、27.840 mg/m3;制药企业ρ（丙醛）较高,为4.791 mg/m3;汽车和家具制造企业ρ（二甲苯）较高,分别为15.209和2.081 mg/m3.④应用分歧系数法分析不同企业指纹谱之间的相似程度,分析结果显示,分歧系数在0.331~0.809之间,不同企业之间指纹谱存在较大差异.研究显示,建立恶臭污染排放源指纹谱可进行恶臭源排放特征识别,为恶臭污染溯源提供基础数据和科学依据.      

发达国家海洋油气生产设施弃置监管及我国的借鉴

本文采用分类、对比的方法对发达国家海洋油气生产设施弃置法律体系和管理程序进行总结分析,并基于我国在该领域的监管现状,对国内海洋油气生产设施弃置的法律体系、管理制度、审批程序、弃置费收取与使用,以及弃置后剩余责任界定等方面提出完善对策,为我国海洋油气生产设施弃置的环境保护工作提供参考。     

我国危险化学品事故发生规律的统计分析与对策

在整理分析2011—2015年近五年间我国发生的958起危险化学品事故的基础上,从事故发生起数、事故类型、事故发生时间、事故发生场所等方面进行统计分析,深入研究了近年来我国危险化学品事故发生的规律。结果表明:新《危险化学品安全管理条例》颁布实施后,我国危险化学品事故发生起数明显减少,2012—2015年年均事故起数约为2006—2011年的52%;在事故类型上,危险化学品泄漏与爆炸是风险最高的事故类型,分别体现在频率及后果上;在事故发生场所上,固定式场所泄漏与爆炸事故类型发生比例相当,移动式场所泄漏事故更加频发,所占比例高达68%;在事故发生时间上,春夏交际(5~7月)和秋冬交际(10~11月)是事故发生的两个高峰时节;在事故发生时段上,固定式场所10~12时和16时是事故高发时段,移动式场所整体上0~12时要高于12~24时。最后,基于上述统计结果提出了增强我国危险化学品事故防控能力的一些对策与建议。