基于层次分析-模糊综合评判的化工园区安全评价研究

应用模糊数学理论,把模糊综合评价方法具体应用到化学工业园区安全综合评价研究中,结合化工园区的实际情况,建立了化工园区的安全现状综合评价指标体系,采用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法计算评价因素的权重,运用模糊综合评判理论,提出安全现状二级模糊综合评价方法,实现对化工园区安全等级的综合评判。应用该方法对某化工园区的安全现状进行了综合评价,得出其安全等级为"一般"。实例表明:模糊综合评价方法可操作性强、效果较好,可在化工园区的安全综合评价中广泛应用。     

木浆清洁漂白废水中毒性物质的研究

为掌握木浆清洁漂白技术的毒性排放负荷及漂白废水的主要有机毒性成分,采用发光细菌急性毒性测试技术和GC/MS分析技术研究木浆清洁漂白废水的毒性及毒性物质.结果表明,木浆 OHMP漂白废水的总排放毒性因子(Toxicity Effluent Factor,TEF)为73.136TU·m3/t浆,其中H段废水TEF为48.356 TU·m3/t浆,占总量的66.1%;0段占总量的33.9%.木浆OHMP漂白总排放毒性当量约为7.314 g HgCl2/t浆.对漂白废水有机成分的分析表明,有机酸类约占H段废水检测总量的40.83%,烷烃类占13.62%.其中,氯代有机物3种(占检测总量的1.61%),分别为四氯化碳、2,2,2-三氯乙酸胺和2,4,6-三氯苯腈.与木浆CEH漂白相比,清洁漂白废水的毒性排放负荷小、有机毒性成份少,可以大力推广.     

西昌市13种野生蘑菇中汞含量分析及安全性评价

地球生态系统汞的水平一般非常低,但某些大型真菌对汞的强烈积累则是例外.分析了采集于四川省西昌市未受汞污染地方生长的13种野生蘑菇99个样品子实体中汞的含量,用原子荧光法测定蘑菇和蘑菇采集地土壤中的汞含量.野生蘑菇的汞含量随蘑菇种类的不同而不同,双色牛肝菌积累汞的能力最强,质量比为0.99 mg Hg/(kg·dw),生物富集常数(BCF)达2.01.提出野生蘑菇对汞的积累明显受介质汞水平的影响.分析的汞含量与早期的文献数据报道进行比较,评价了法律规定的人体吸收汞水平和食用蘑菇对人体汞吸收量的贡献,指出人们在消费蘑菇时可能存在的风险和应对措施.     

预加碱强化混凝应急处理模拟突发性铅污染研究

采用烧杯混凝试验研究了加碱种类、pH值、混凝剂聚氯化铝(PAC)投加量、助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量以及初始铅质量浓度对除铅效果的影响.进行了为期1个月规模为4 m3/h的中试,对小试结果进行了验证,考察了优化后的应急处理方法对不同铅质量浓度原水的去除效果.小试结果表明,采用石灰乳调pH值的除铅效率优于氢氧化钠和石灰水,最佳pH值为9～10.强化混凝能提高铅的去除效率,PAC最佳投加量为20 mg/L,PAM的最佳投加量为0.4 mg/L,铅初始质量浓度在2 mg/L以下时铅去除率都在97%以上.中试运行结果与小试基本一致.原水铅质量浓度超标168倍以下,采用预加碱强化混凝的应急处理工艺能使滤后水中铅稳定达标,沉淀出水中铅质量浓度低于0.03 mg/L.预加碱强化混凝应急技术可行性高,处理费用仅0.026 37元/t,为可能突发的水源铅污染事故应急处理提供了技术支持.     

劳动防护服号型设置的研究

本文对劳动防护服的号型设置进行了分析与研究。《劳动防护服号型》是各类劳动防护服制作中广泛使用的基础性国家标准,依据当前劳动者人体尺寸的统计分析和企业劳动防护服生产供应实际情况,科学合理设置服装号型,以符合国家标准的科学性、实用性以及增强劳动防护服的舒适性功能。     

层次分析法在化工园区安全评价中的应用

本文采用层次分析法对化工园区域的安全水平评价进行了综合分析研究,得到了化工园区安全评价指标的选取、安全指标权重的确定的技术方法.结果表明,为了构建较为全面的化工园区安全水平评价指标体系,可从区域企业安全生产状况、区域规划状况、区域应急资源利用能力、区域社会经济状况四个方面共25个安全评价指标组成评价体系,进而采用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重,计算结果不仅能够反映园区风险的分布状况,而且对整个园区的规划和布局具有较好的决策支持作用.总而言之,将层次分析法用于化学工业园的安全评价是一种新的尝试,对此进行全面的介绍有着一定的工程实际应用价值.     

基于SCL-FCE模型的加油站安全评价及应用

加油站储存有大量的易燃、易爆的油类燃料,是城市中的重大危险源,一旦泄漏,就可能发生火灾、爆炸等事故,其后果相当严重,因此对加油站的安全评价具有现实而又重要的意义.本文鉴于加油站的特点,提出以安全检查表(SCL)和模糊综合评价(FCE)为手段,建立一种新的加油站安全评价模型.首先利用安全检查表分析、找出存在的危险有害因素从而构成安全评价指标体系,同时对每个因素进行评分,然后利用层次分析法计算指标权重,再次通过模糊评判方法计算出加油站隶属于各个安全等级的评价结果矩阵,最后得出加油站的安全等级.实践证明该方法符合加油站系统的特点,有较强的实用性.     

Influence of calcium chloride on the thermal behavior of heavy and alkali metals in sewage sludge incineration

In order to separate and reuse heavy and alkali metals from flue gas during sewage sludge incineration, experiments were carried out in a pilot incinerator. The experimental results show that most of the heavy and alkali metals form condensed phase at temperature above 600 degrees C. With the addition of 5% calcium chloride into sewage sludge, the gas/solid transformation temperature of part of the metals (As, Cu, Mg and Na) is evidently decreased due to the formation of chloride, while calcium chloride seems to have no significant influence on Zn and P. Moreover, the mass fractions of some heavy and alkali metals in the collected fly ash are relatively high. For example, the mass fractions for Pb and Cu in the fly ash collected by the filter are 1.19% and 19.7%, respectively, which are well above those in lead and copper ores. In the case of adding 5% calcium chloride, the heavy and alkali metals can be divided into three groups based on their conversion temperature: Group A that includes Na, Zn, K, Mg and P, which are converted into condensed phase above 600 degrees C; Group B that includes Pb and Cu which solidify when the temperature is above 400 degrees C; and Group C that includes As, whose condensation temperature is as low as 300 degrees C.     

Filterability of oil sands tailings

In Canadian oil sands mining operations, bitumen is extracted from oil sands using the hot water extraction process, which produces tremendous amounts of tailings. Currently, these tailings are disposed of in large ponds, in which coarse particles settle out relatively quickly and fine particles remain suspended in water and settle very slowly. After years of settling, the fine particles form a stable suspension in water known as mature fine tailings (MFTs). Long-term storage of the MFT is costly and poses a major environmental liability.Oil sands companies are now actively investigating different approaches to replace or reduce the use of oil sands tailings ponds. Filtration of the tailings to produce “dry tailings” for stacking is now being investigated as an alternative by a number of companies. Fast water drainage is a critical step for the filtration process. In this paper, we use simple laboratory-scale filtration tests to evaluate the filterability of the oil sands tailings and to generate a parameter that can be used in filtration scale-up. It was found that the filterability of the original coarse oil sands tailings was relatively low. However, after the fines are flocculated with the coarse particles to form uniform flocs the filterability was improved by several orders of magnitude. The results demonstrate that filtration of the flocculated coarse tailings to produce the “dry” stackable tailings may be viable.     

双氰胺-甲醛聚合物-聚合氯化铝复合絮凝剂的合成及应用

以双氰胺、甲醛、氯化铝为主要原料,加入添加剂合成了双氰胺-甲醛聚合物（DF）-聚合氯化铝（PAC）复合絮凝剂。采用模拟印染废水考察了各种因素对DF—PAC复合絮凝剂混凝脱色性能的影响。实验结果表明,在双氰胺、甲醛、氯化铝、添加剂加入量分别为29．1,57．8,4．8,12．5g,反应温度（70±1）℃、反应时间2．5h的条件下制得的DF—PAC复合絮凝剂的絮凝脱色性能良好,COD去除率不小于90％,色度去除率不小于99％。与PAC和DF絮凝剂相比,DF—PAC复合絮凝剂对实际印染废水的絮凝脱色效果更好。