土壤及果树中HCH和DDT残留及分布规律研究

采用索氏提取、弗罗里土固相微萃取小柱净化结合GC-ECD测定了苹果园土壤和果树样品中4种六六六(HCH)和4种滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量,并对果树的根、枝、叶中HCH和DDT的分布规律进行了研究。实验结果表明,土壤和果树样品中均有HCH和DDT检出。土壤样品中两类农药的含量分别在0.51～3.97ng/g和1.46～15.55ng/g之间,其中β-HCH是六六六残留的主体,滴滴涕类的含量以p,p'-DDT为最高,并且(DDE+DDD)/DDT<1表明近期果园中有新的DDT输入。果树样品中,HCH和DDT的残留量分别在0.22～2.01ng/g和0.38～6.08ng/g之间,都要低于相应土壤中有机氯农药的浓度。果树中总OCPs的含量在4.88～17.94ng/g之间,是土壤和大气中OCPs污染共同作用的结果。根部的OCPs的含量明显高于枝和叶,其分布规律为根>叶>枝,这主要取决于根、枝、叶各组织的结构以及农药的理化性质。     

粒度对煤矸石活化效率的影响

煤矸石煅烧活化是煤矸石为原料提取铝、硅等化工原料的重要环节,煤矸石破碎粒度对煅烧活化效率有重要影响。文章以山西潞安的煤矸石为原料,利用煅烧活化-酸溶法提取煤矸石中的铝,研究了粒度对煤矸石活化效率的影响。实验确定铝溶出的较优工艺条件为:煅烧温度650℃、20%盐酸225mL/100g煤矸石、固液比1:3、酸浸时间3h,在此工艺条件下研究矸石粒度对铝和铁溶出的影响。结果表明:物料粒度对活化效果影响显著,当物料粒度为60～80目时,铝的溶出率最大达到79%;物料与空气充分接触有利于提高活化效果,动态煅烧活化效率显著高于静态煅烧,粒度对煅烧效果产生的重要影响很大程度来源于空气接触比表面积。     

基于生产者责任延伸制的废旧电池回收模式研究

为了保护环境和循环利用资源,废旧电池回收问题已经引起社会各方面的广泛关注。文章分析了我国废旧电池的回收现状,借鉴国外的经验,提出了我国废旧电池的回收模式——即生产者责任延伸制下的回收模式,运用数学模型进行比较分析,得出生产者负责回收的模式具有明显优势。     

关于危险源与隐患的新见解

为统一危险源和隐患的分歧,本文首先分析2个术语概念混乱的原因,然后根据2个术语的本质特征,给出它们的新定义、新分类和新分级,最后基于新的分类分级体系,给出新的隐患管理模式.研究表明:2个术语服从内外因作用原理,即危险源是内因,隐患是外因.危险源按源头可划分为3类,按载体形式可划分为4类;隐患按安全防护功能可划分为7类,根据产生阶段,可将这7类隐患再归为3类,若按内容和表现形式可将隐患划分为3类.根据隐患影响安全防护功能的程度将隐患分为1、2、3级.隐患管理新模式可简化现行隐患管理体制机制,有助于让政府、企业/单位等落实各自的安全生产主体责任.     

基于QPSO的多因素影响下系统故障概率变化程度研究

为适应快速系统故障分析,在多因素影响下了解系统故障变化程度范围,预先判断故障变化速度趋势,在空间故障树(Space Fault Tree,SFT)理论框架下提出了一种基于量子粒子群优化算法(Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization,QPSO)的分析方法.论述了 QPSO的基本模型和步骤,在SFT中给出了描述系统故障概率变化的表达式,进而提出了多因素影响下系统故障概率变化程度范围的确定方法.方法适合于连续因素组成的连续空间中系统故障概率分布的优化,可实现单因素和多因素联合影响下的故障变化程度范围确定.使用经典算例进行分析,结果表明,算法得到的结果虽精度降低,但与传统解析结果相似,同时提高了分析速度.因此方法有利于系统故障的应急分析、预测和判断.     

基于集成学习的改进灰色瓦斯浓度序列预测*

为有效提高煤矿瓦斯浓度动态预测精度,基于微分方程理论和最小二乘法,从灰色预测模型静态灰色作用量出发,优化灰色作用量,推导幂指数型灰色作用量的改进灰色瓦斯浓度预测算法,推导基于集成学习不同灰色作用量幂指数型灰色瓦斯预测模型,进而研究吉林八连城长期和短期瓦斯浓度监控数据预测精度。结果表明:瓦斯浓度时间序列近似线性时,基于集成学习的改进灰色瓦斯浓度预测算法优于传统灰色瓦斯浓度预测算法,使瓦斯浓度预测值和实际值的均方根误差降低,均方根差最大降低2.25%。研究结果可有效提瓦斯浓度预测精度。     

Role of the reduction site in the fluorinated or sulfated TiO2 photocatalytic process

In this article,the effects of TiO_2 surface fluorination and sulfation,on the active oxygen species formed at the reduction site in the photocatalytic process,namely O_2~(?) and H_2O_2,were investigated from a new perspective.The superoxide radical,(O_2~(?)),was determined by colorimetry of nitroblue tetrazolium,a prominent O_2~(?) scavenger.Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) was estimated by using the iodide-starch method.In the naked TiO_2 photocatalysis,O_2~(?) though less reactive,was a very important intermediate.When the TiO_2 surface was fluorinated,more O_2~(?) and H_2O_2 were produced,which indicated that the surface modification could greatly reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,thus enhancing the photocatalytic rate.In the sulfated system,photocatalysis proceeded with a more complicated mechanism.These results added support to the view of fluoride-induced enhancement and sulfide's nonappreciable inhibition effect.     

厦门市能源消费对环境及公共健康影响研究

由能源消费排放的多种大气污染物对环境和公共健康的影响越来越严重.以厦门市为研究案例,应用LEAP模型、剂量效应（Doseeffective）和暴露-响应（Exposure-response）原理构建能源-环境-公共健康模型,计算厦门市不同情景下主要大气污染物PM10和SO2排放量和由这两种污染物引发的公共健康经济损失,...     

Heavy metals of natural and reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands in south estuary, China

The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in two plant species (Scirpus tripueter Linn. and Cyperus malaccensis Lam.), water, and soils sampled from the reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands (RTRWs) and the natural riparian wetlands (NRWs) in the Pearl River estuary (PRE), were analyzed to investigate and compare their distribution and accumulation. The results show that the concentrations of the six studied heavy metals in soils exceed the eco-toxic threshold recommended by USEPA. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Zn in plants may lead to toxic effects compared to others.The hydraulic conditions and the degree of human disturbances can affect the heavy metal accumulation in RTRWs and NRWs. The heavy metal concentrations in water are higher whereas they are lower in soils of RTRWs Compared with that in the NRWs. The accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of plants is higher in NRWs than those in RTRWs while the opposite result is found for heavy metal accumulation in shoots. Based on the bioaccumulation and translocation factors, the plants in NRWs have the higher capacity to accumulate heavy metals, while higher abilities to transport heavy metals from roots to shoots are observed in RTRWs. Heavy metal contaminations in RTRWs are dominated by anthropogenic sources from both side uplands and river water, whereas in NRWs, the metal accumulations are simultaneously affected by anthropogenic and natural factors.     

湛江某对虾基地沉积物重金属含量特征及评价

探讨了湛江某对虾养殖基地虾场沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量特征,并采用单因子、内梅罗综合污染指数以及H(a)kanson潜在生态风险指数等方法评估了几种重金属的环境风险,分析了其主要来源.结果表明,虾场沉积物Cu含量在11.5～38.5mg/kg之间;Zn含量在87.6～176.4mg/kg之间;Pb...