Study of the potential of barnyard grass for the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil

In this study, the microwave digestion method was used to determine total cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations, the BCR method was used to determine different states of Cd and Pb, and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to determine Cd and Pb concentrations in simulated soil and barnyard grass before and after planting barnyard grass to provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil. The results showed that the bioconcentration factor changes with different Cd concentrations are relatively complex and that the removal rate increases regularly. The 100 mg kg^?1 Cd treatment had the highest removal rate, which reached 36.66%. For Pb, the bioconcentration factor decreased and tended to reach equilibrium as the Pb concentration increased. The highest removal rate was 41.72% and occurred in the 500 mg kg^?1 Pb treatment; however, this removal rate was generally lower than that of Cd. In addition, the reduction state had the highest change rate, followed by the residual, acid soluble and oxidation states. For Pb, the residual state has the highest change rate, followed by the acid soluble state, reduction state and oxidation state. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the soil Pb and Cd concentrations and the concentrations of Pb and Cd that accumulated in the belowground biomass of the barnyard grass, but no significant correlation was observed between the soil Pb and Cd concentrations and the amounts of Pb and Cd that accumulated in the aboveground biomass of the barnyard grass. The highest transfer factor of Cd was 0.49, which occurred in the 5 mg kg^?1 Cd treatment. The higher transfer factor of Pb was 0.48 in the 100 mg kg^?1 Pb treatment. All of these factors indicate that the belowground biomass of barnyard grass plays a more important role in the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils than the aboveground biomass of barnyard grass. Remediation should occur through phytostabilization. Thus, with its strong adaptability and lush growth, barnyard grass can be applied as a pioneer species for the phytoremediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils.     

臭氧/Mn2+催化降解水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

以Mn2 为催化剂与臭氧联合降解除草剂2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D).考察了反应温度、pH、2,4-D初始浓度和臭氧气体流量等因素对2,4-D降解效果的影响.pH对2,4-D降解效果影响很大,当pH=2.0、反应5 min时,2,4-D的去除率达99.8%;当pH=10.1、反应20min时,2,4-D的去除率仅为50.0%.反应温度升高、臭氧气体流量增加、2,4-D初始浓度降低均有助于2,4-D降解速率的提高.单独臭氧氧化2,4-D的表观反应速率常数为0.170 min-1;催化臭氧氧化2,4-D的表观反应速率常数为0.295min-1,是单独臭氧氧化的1.74倍.2,4-D的Mn2 催化臭氧反应遵循拟一级反应动力学方程.     

烟气平均流速自动测量及其自动检测装置

通过对烟道"速度场常数"的研究,提出了利用速度场常数监测烟道烟气平均流速的方法,同时研制出速度场常数自动检测装置.解决了烟道烟气平均流速自动监测的技术难题.经实践检验:所研究的监测方法正确,检测装置结构合理,监测结果稳定、可靠.     

A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approach to eco-environmental vulnerability assessment for the danjiangkou reservoir area,China

The Danjiangkou reservoir lies in the upper Hanjiang basin and is the source of water for the Middle Route Project (MRP) under the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (SNWT) in China. The eco-environment of water resource areas plays an important role in water conservation and purification and would have significant implications for the economic prosperity in Hanjiang basin as well as for the SNWT. Focusing on the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area (DRA), this study established an environmental information system database. Based on the database, an eco-environmental vulnerability assessment method using integrated fuzzy AHP (FAHP) and GIS was developed for the DRA. According to eco-environmental conditions and anthropic effects, vulnerability was classified into five levels: potential, light, medium, heavy and very heavy. The eco-environmental vulnerability distribution and major problems of the eco-environment were analysed and discussed. The results indicated that eco-environmental vulnerability in the DRA was moderate overall. Regions with lower eco-environmental vulnerability were located in Qinling Mountain area in the northwest, Daba Mountain area in the south and the area immediately surrounding Danjiangkou Reservoir in the east. Two regions with very high eco-environmental vulnerability were located in the north of Danjiangkou Reservoir in Henan province and in the western part of Shanxi province. On the basis of analysis of distribution of the different factors of eco-environmental vulnerability, different environmental protection measures were proposed for different areas. This study demonstrated that the proposed method was an effective approach for the assessment of environmental vulnerability. The results gained closely reflected the reality of the eco-environmental vulnerability of the DRA.     

Effects of different carbon sources on the removal of ciprofloxacin and pollutants by activated sludge: Mechanism and biodegradation

This research investigated the effects of ciprofloxacin(CIP)(0.5, 5, and 20 mg/L) on SBR systems under different carbon source conditions. Microbial community abundance and structure were determined by quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing, respectively.The biodegradation production of CIP and possible degradation mechanism were also studied. Results showed that CIP had adverse effects on the nutrient removal from wastewater.Compared with sodium acetate, glucose could be more effective...     

水泥工业清洁生产与环境保护初探

水泥工业是个能耗高、污染物排放量大的重污染行业,其对环境的污染主要是粉尘污染。在水泥厂实施清洁生产的潜力很大,不仅可以降低能耗、物耗,减少污染物的排放,同时,由于加强了管理,有助于提高生产效率,提高产品质量,降低生产成本,增强市场竞争力,可产生明显的经济、环境和社会效益     

水体中农药与氢氧基的反应活性及持久性的关系

在自然水体光化学反应中。．ＯＨ是一活跃的自由基,本文阐述了一种测定０膛药与．ＯＨ反应速率的方法及体系,测定了十种中国,美国水田常用农药与．ＯＨ的反应速率;在室内及中国,美国稻田条件下,测定了几种具代表性常用农药的降解速率,并与．ＯＨ反应速率进行比较。     

石墨探针直接收集、石墨探针炉原子吸收法测定APM中痕量银

本文采用一定气孔性的石墨探针直接收集大气颗粒物（APM）,然后用石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定收集在探针上的APM中痕量银。实验表明:峰面积吸光度与银的浓度在0—120ng·ml~(-1)范围内呈线性关系,银的特征量为6.75pg,检测限（3σ）为11.74pg,RSD（n=11）为3.92％,分析标准物质NBS1648（城市颗粒物）,其回收率和RSD（n=5）分别为90.2—105.0％和6.0％,证明此法准确、灵敏、快速、简便。     

The impacts of bisphenol A (BPA) on abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) embryonic development

The effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) embryonic development were investigated by exposing the fertilized eggs to four different concentrations of BPA (0.05, 0.2, 2 and 10 μg mL⁻¹). Toxicity endpoints including the embryo development parameters, the physiological features and the expression profile of several reference genes (prohormone convertase 1, PC1; cyclin B, CB; and cyclin-dependent kinase 1, CDK1) were assessed. The results showed that BPA could markedly reduce embryo hatchability, increase developmental malformation, and suppress the metamorphosis behavior of larvae. The possible toxicological mechanisms hidden behind of these effects (i.e. disturbing the embryogenesis) might result from three aspects: (1) BPA disturbance the cellular ionic homeostasis and osmoregulation of abalone embryos by changing the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase levels; (2) BPA induced oxidative damage of embryos by significantly alterating the peroxidase (POD) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA) production; and (3) the RT-PCR analysis further demonstrated that BPA perturbed the cellular endocrine regulation and cell cycle progression by down-regulating the PC1 gene, as well as over-expressing the CB and CDK1 genes. This is the first comprehensive study on the developmental toxicity of BPA to the marine abalone at morphological, physiological and molecular levels. The results in this study also indicated that the embryo tests can contribute to the ecological risk assessment of the endocrine disruptors in marine environment.     

Reducing H2S production by O2 feedback control during large-scale sewage sludge composting

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) production patterns and the influence of oxygen (O₂) concentration were studied based on a well operated composting plant. A real-time, online multi-gas detection system was applied to monitor the concentrations of H₂S and O₂ in the pile during composting. The results indicate that H₂S was mainly produced during the early stage of composting, especially during the first 40 h. Lack of available O₂ was the main reason for H₂S production. Maintaining the O₂ concentration higher than 14% in the pile could reduce H₂S production. This study suggests that shortening the interval between aeration or aerating continuously to maintain a high O₂ concentration in the pile was an effective strategy for restraining H₂S production in sewage sludge composting.