现场监测数据审核方法及异常数据的判别研究

现场监测数据审核是整个环境监测质量管理中的重要一环,关系到监测数据的真实、公正、有效.现场监测原始记录准确完整的填写是数据审核的前提条件,文章论述了原始记录的填写要求及填写方法.针对审核过程中遇到异常数据的具体问题加以判别,分析原始记录的完整性、计算公式的准确性在现场监测数据审核工作中的作用.结合实际工作,通过对环境监测数据相关性、逻辑性进行研究,分析了现场监测数据审核过程中应注意的问题及异常数据的产生原因,并提出了相应的解决方法.     

间歇式生物反应器中PHACs的吸附降解性及动力学特性

利用间歇反应器考察了非那西丁(PNT)、吉非罗齐(GFZ)、咖啡因(CAF)、双氯芬酸(DCF)和胆固醇(CH)5种医药类污染物分别在厌氧、缺氧及好氧条件下的吸附与降解特性,并通过动力学拟合深入考察目标物的降解速率及所符合的反应级数.研究表明,PNT在4 h内就能得到100%的降解,GFZ与CH能通过吸附与降解得到部分或全部去除.好氧条件下目标物的泥水分配系数kp值与降解速率均高于缺氧与厌氧条件,好氧条件下CAF的去除率达到99%以上.5种目标物除PNT外都有不同程度的吸附,目标物的污泥吸附能力为CHDCFGFZCAF;动力学拟合结果表明,生物降解动力学一级反应速率PNTCAF,二级反应速率CHGFZ;DCF几乎不能被生物降解,但符合二级吸附动力学模型,其平衡吸附量最高可达总投加量的71%.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

南京夏季城市冠层大气 CO2浓度时空分布规律的观测

城市是CO2重要排放源,直接观测城市中大气CO2浓度对于研究人类活动对大气温室气体的贡献至关重要,而在城市中多个站点、多个高度上观测大气CO2浓度则有助于认识城市CO2浓度的时空变化规律,确定其影响机制.本研究于2014年7月18日至7月25日在南京主城区东、西、南、北和中共5个方位(100 m左右高度),2014年8月3日至2014年8月9日在南京主城区中部站点的3个高度(30、65和110 m)观测CO2浓度.结果表明:1南京主城区垂直方向上CO2浓度存在明显梯度,近地面30 m处CO2浓度受人为活动影响明显,平均值达427.3×10-6(±18.2×10-6)(摩尔分数,下同),高层65m、110 m处CO2浓度混合均匀,平均值分别为411.8×10-6(±15.0×10-6)和410.9×10-6(±14.6×10-6).大气层结越稳定,CO2浓度越高,垂直梯度越大.2南京主城区CO2浓度的水平分布受风和大气稳定度的控制.观测期间盛行东北风向,导致CO2浓度分布整体呈现西南高,东北低的格局,城市主城区上下风向CO2浓度差为7.8×10-6.而且水平风速越大,越有助于将上风向的CO2传输至城市的下风向,CO2浓度差就越小.大气层结越稳定,整体CO2浓度越高.3南京主城区5个站点CO2浓度均有明显的日变化,日最高值出现在交通早高峰期间,谷值在17:00左右,在19:00左右有时会因交通晚高峰而出现次高值.     

Effects of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors

The effects of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors were investigated by evaluating the content and compositions of extracellular polymeric substances, and the relationship between extracellular polymeric substances composition and surface properties of glucose-fed aerobic granules. The results showed that extracellular polymeric substances could affect surface properties of cells, such as surface charge and hydrophobicity, enhance polymeric interaction and promote aerobic granulation. Moreover, extracellular polymeric substances were produced mainly in the exponential phase, and served as carbon and energy source in starvation phase during granulation process, thus regulating the growth of bacteria in the interior and exterior of granules, and maintaining the integrality of granules.     

Sources of fine particulate species in ambient air over lake Champlain Basin, VT

This study is a part of an ongoing investigation of the types and locations of emission sources that contribute fine particulate air contaminants to Underhill, VT. The air quality monitoring data used for this study are from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments network for the period of 2001-2003 for the Underhill site. The main source-receptor modeling techniques used are the positive matrix factorization (PMF) and potential source contribution function (PSCF). This new study is intended as a comparison to a previous study of the 1988-1995 Underhill data that successfully revealed a total of 11 types of emission sources with significant contributions to this rural site. This new study has identified a total of nine sources: nitrate-rich secondary aerosol, wood smoke, East Coast oil combustion, automobile emission, metal working, soil/dust, sulfur-rich aerosol type I, sulfur-rich aerosol type II, and sea salt/road salt. Furthermore, the mass contributions from the PMF identified sources that correspond with sampling days with either good or poor visibility were analyzed to seek possible correlations. It has been shown that sulfur-rich aerosol type I, nitrate aerosol, and automobile emission are the most important contributors to visibility degradation. Soil/dust and sea salt/road salt also have an added effect.     

基于SWAT模型的瀼渡河生态流量计算方法

保障和管理河湖生态流量是加强水资源开发利用管控的基本要求,是实施长江大保护和高质量发展的重要内容.以瀼渡河为例,提出了针对无实测流量的河流推算生态流量的方法.首先,利用SWAT水文模型模拟得到1990—2019年30年逐月流量过程,表明该河流流量由上游至下游逐渐增大,且具有明显的汛期和非汛期特征;其次,采用蒙大拿法、最...     

焦化厂清洁生产审核中／高费方案实施与效益分析

根据企业清洁生产审核实际情况，针对中／高费方案的产生与实施，从经济、环境方面分析企业实施清洁生产审核所取得的成效，指出实施清洁生产审核不仅可以促进企业的发展，而且可以使企业获得经济效益和环境效益的“双赢”。     

试论万恭的治河思想

明代“筑堤束水，以水攻沙”的治河思想，一般多认为是潘季驯提出的，实际上在潘季驯提出这种观点之前，另一位杰出的治河人物--万恭早已注意到了这一点。本文拟从以河治河、治黄治运合一和防、治相结合三个方面对万恭的治河思想进行归纳，以求对他的治河思想有一个初步探讨。