臭氧二级传递标准量值传递技术

臭氧(O_3)二级传递标准对O_3三级传递标准进行量值传递,开展了对分析类型、发生类型等不同类型O_3三级传递标准的量值传递实验。分析类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.19%、截距的标准偏差SI为0.25 nmol/mol;发生类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准的Sm为0.67%、SI为0.20 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局O_3二级传递标准量值传递的评价指标:6组多点校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm≤3.7%,截距的标准偏差SI≤1.5 nmol/mol。进一步对分析类型、发生类型O_3三级传递标准分别进行了6个月的量值传递时间稳定性考察,O_3三级传递标准新的斜率与最近6组斜率均值的比值为0.965~1.037,且新计算的斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.37%~1.87%,截距的标准偏差SI为0.20~0.52 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局量值传递评价指标的要求,建议至少每6个月采用O_3二级传递标准开展一次量值传递。     

酒精污泥干燥特性及数学模型

用红外干燥方法对酒精污泥进行干燥实验,研究了干燥温度和污泥厚度对水分蒸发速率、干燥速率及体积变化率的影响。实验表明,恒速干燥段的干燥速率仅与干燥温度有关;临界湿含量随污泥厚度增加而升高,随干燥温度的升高而下降;污泥体积在恒速干燥段收缩速度较快,在降速干燥段仍有微小的变化。对污泥干燥特性曲线进行分析,建立了恒速干燥段及降速干燥段的干燥模型,并将模型预测与实验结果进行了对比,误差较小。     

基于PEG/DEX双水相体系的餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵

利用聚乙二醇(PEG)/葡聚糖(DEX)双水相体系分离餐厨垃圾发酵产物乳酸,分析了聚合物浓度和分子量的影响,以及餐厨垃圾多批次连续发酵时乳酸产率。实验结果表明,PEG/DEX双水相体系对乳酸菌生长影响不大,PEG和DEX浓度变化对乳酸产率、相体积比无显著影响;当DEX分子量由20 000升至40 000,乳酸生成速率由0.631 g/(L.h)降至0.518 g/(L.h),乳酸浓度由33 g/L降至22 g/L。多批次餐厨垃圾连续发酵可极大缩短发酵时间,在不投加缓冲剂的情况下,单批次乳酸产率仍大于0.30 g/g,累积产率大于0.45 g/g。     

Spatial Variation and Space Optimization of the Development of China’s Circular Economy

China's circular economy is still at the initial stage, whose development has many difficulties and problems requiring immediate resolution theoretically and practically. Due to the differences of regions on the scale of land, endowment of resources, economic basis and cultural background, the developmental levels and capabilities of circular economy are inevitably different. Based on establishing the indicator system for assessing the developmental level of regional circular economy, spatial variation of China's circular economy is measured by the quantitative measurement using principal component analysis, and the existing problems are also analyzed and discussed. On one hand, the differences of the development capability of the circular economy of different provinces (cities) are profound in China; ①Difference between the first category (strong) and the second category (relatively strong) is 1.1264 points. Difference between the second category and the third category (relatively weak) is 0.3867 points. Difference between the third category and the fourth category (weak) is 1.0238 points. Difference between the first category and the fourth category reaches up to 2.0869 points. Average difference between the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively strong and the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively weak is 1.3617 points. ②The differences of the distribution of the areas, with different development capability of circular economy, which are located in the three economic regions of China, are also profound. The regions with a relatively strong development capability of circular economy are mainly located in the eastern economic area, which account for 22.58% of the whole regions, while only account for 12.90% in the middle and western economic areas. On the contrary, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy account for 48.39% in the middle and western area, while account for 16.13% in the eastern area. On the other hand, among regions with different development capability of circular economy, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy are in a dominant position, which accountfor 64.52% of all the provinces (cities), which indicates that the development of the China's circular economy still has a long way to go. Though certain achievements have been made in the development of China's circular economy, in general, there are still some obstacles to be tacked in the development of China's circular economy which require the economic, legal and administrative methods.     

中国火灾的时空演变特征——基于GIS的统计分析

研究对象为2000-2009年中国341个地级以上城市(不含台湾及港澳地区)的火灾统计数据。首先应用主成分分析法,计算火灾综合损失(fire composite losts,FCL);再对FCL进行分级,将所有研究单元按FCL从小到大分为5个级别,较高FCL单元主要分布于黑河—腾冲线以东地区。对每个研究单元分别进行时间序列分析,观察其FCL变化趋势,将各区域分为平稳区、改善区、恶化区和波动区,其分别占比41%,40%,8%和11%,表明绝大多数城市FCL呈平稳或下降趋势。恶化区明显地沿黑河—腾冲线、淮河—大别山—雪峰山沿线和东南沿海分布,这可能与气候变化或社会经济发展有关。     

中国自然灾害应急法律体系的数量差异分析

以《国家突发公共事件应急预案》中所明确的水旱灾害、气象灾害等7种自然灾害分类为依据,以万方数据平台查询到的自然灾害应急法律、法规、标准为基础,分析了这7种自然灾害现有相关法律法规文件的数量差异,由此得到了不同灾害在法律法规、标准和预案的数量结构上的差异,并分析了不同灾害对应的现有法律法规文件的完备性,提出了不同灾害法律文件在加强数量完备性方面的方向性的建议。对于协调中国不同类型自然灾害相关法律法规文件的数量及其平衡发展,提高自然灾害应急管理能力有一定参考意义。     

Arsenic, copper, and zinc contamination in soil and wheat during coal mining, with assessment of health risks for the inhabitants of Huaibei, China

Field studies were conducted to investigate arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contamination in agricultural soils and wheat crops at two areas in Huaibei, China. Area A is in the proximity of Shuoli coal mine. In area B, three coal mines and a coal cleaning plant were distributed. The potential health risk of As, Cu, and Zn exposure to the local inhabitants through consumption of wheat grains was also estimated. The results showed that significantly higher (p?<?0.05) concentrations of As, Cu, and Zn were found in soils collected from area B than in those from area A. Arsenic concentrations in wheat sampled from area A were negatively correlated with the distance from the coal mine (p?<?0.001). Concentrations of Cu and Zn in wheat seedlings and grains collected from area B were significantly higher (p?<?0.05) than in those collected from area A, with the exception of Zn in wheat seedlings. Concentrations of Cu and Zn in most wheat grain samples were above the permissible limits of Cu and Zn in edible plants set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. The hazard index of aggregate risk through consumption of wheat grains was 2.3–2.4 for rural inhabitants and 1.4–1.5 for urban inhabitants. The average intake of inorganic As for rural inhabitants in Huaibei was above 10 μg day^?1. These findings indicated that the inhabitants around the coal mine are experiencing a significant potential health risk due to the consumption of locally grown wheat.     

Microbial degradation characteristics and kinetics of novel pyrimidynyloxybenzoic herbicide ZJ0273 by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. CY

ZJ0273 (propyl 4-(2-(4,6-demethoxy pyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate) is a novel herbicide developed in China for oilseed crop. Sixteen bacteria capable of utilizing ZJ0273 as the sole carbon source were isolated from soils. One of the isolates was designated as Bacillus sp. CY based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The present study aimed to investigate the ZJ0273 degradation characteristics and kinetics by Bacillus sp. CY which has the ability to utilize ZJ0273 as the sole source of carbon and energy under aerobic conditions. The optimum biodegradation temperature, pH, and ZJ0273 initial concentration were 20–40 °C, 5.0–9.0, and 50–400 mg/l, respectively. Strain CY degraded 65 % of ZJ0273 (initial concentration of 50 mg/l) during 30 days of incubation in basal mineral medium at pH 8.0 and 35 °C. DT50 (half-life value), k (degradation rate constant of ZJ0273), and R ² are 19.20 days, 0.0361 day^?1, and 0.9464, respectively.     

黄粉虫处理鸡粪

采用EM菌发酵处理后的鸡粪养殖黄粉虫,研究了在传统饲料中添加不同比例的鸡粪对黄粉虫的生长及积累重金属的影响。以虫的增重量为指标,采用均匀实验法优化了含有鸡粪的黄粉虫饲料配方。结果表明,利用黄粉虫处理鸡粪时,鸡粪的添加量宜低于55wt％。随着鸡粪比例增加,黄粉虫体内灰分含量呈增加趋势,Cu、Cd、Mn、Pb和Zn等重金属在黄粉虫体内无明显富集。饲养黄粉虫的鸡粪饲料较好的配方为：发酵处理的鸡粪37．78wt％、玉米秸秆粉26．20wt％、玉米粉36．02wt％。     

Heavy metal accumulation by poplar in calcareous soil with various degrees of multi-metal contamination: implications for phytoextraction and phytostabilization

The object of this study was to assess the capacity of Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis Bunge for phytoremediation of heavy metals on calcareous soils contaminated with multiple metals. In a pot culture experiment, a multi-metal-contaminated calcareous soil was mixed at different ratios with an uncontaminated, but otherwise similar soil, to establish a gradient of soil metal contamination levels. In a field experiment, poplars with different stand ages (3, 5, and 7 years) were sampled randomly in a wastewater-irrigated field. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), Cu, lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the poplar tissues and soil were determined. The accumulation of Cd and Zn was greatest in the leaves of P. pyramidalis, while Cu and Pb mainly accumulated in the roots. In the pot experiment, the highest tissue concentrations of Cd (40.76 mg kg^?1), Cu (8.21 mg kg^?1), Pb (41.62 mg kg^?1), and Zn (696 mg kg^?1) were all noted in the multi-metal-contaminated soil. Although extremely high levels of Cd and Zn accumulated in the leaves, phytoextraction using P. pyramidalis may take at least 24 and 16 years for Cd and Zn, respectively. The foliar concentrations of Cu and Pb were always within the normal ranges and were never higher than 8 and 5 mg kg^?1, respectively. The field experiment also revealed that the concentrations of all four metals in the bark were significantly higher than that in the wood. In addition, the tissue metal concentrations, together with the NH₄NO₃-extractable concentrations of metals in the root zone, decreased as the stand age increased. P. pyramidalis is suitable for phytostabilization of calcareous soils contaminated with multiple metals, but collection of the litter fall would be necessary due to the relatively high foliar concentrations of Cd and Zn.