Photodegradation of quinestrol in waters and the transformation products by UV irradiation

Quinestrol is synthetic estrogen used in contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy and occasionally for treating breast cancer and prostate cancer. It can make its way into the environment through sewage discharge and waste disposal produced by human excretions. In this study, the photodegradation kinetics of quinestrol in various conditions was investigated by UV and solar irradiation. The affecting factors were studied including concentration of hydrogen peroxide, different water types, and the initial concentrations of quinestrol. Concurrently, the transformation products and presumed pathways of quinestrol in distilled water by UV irradiation were identified and proposed. The results showed that the degradation of quinestrol in both irradiation conditions followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. More rapid degradation was observed by UV irradiation (k = 0.018 min⁻¹) than solar irradiation (k = 0.004 h⁻¹), and the photodegradation rate of quinestrol depended on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the initial concentration of quinestrol and water types. The transformation products of quinestrol in distilled water were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. When exposed to UV irradiation, quinestrol in aqueous solution was rapidly degraded, giving at least ten photodegradation products. The chemical structures of ten degradation products were identified on the basis of mass spectrum interpretation and literature data.     

Persistence of repeated triadimefon application and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

The effects of repeated applications of the fungicide triadimefon in agricultural soil on the microbial functional diversity of the soil and on the persistence of the fungicide in the soil were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of triadimefon at the recommended dosage, simulated by a first-order kinetic model, were 23.90, 22.95, and 21.52 days for the first, second, and third applications, respectively. Throughout this study, no significant inhibition of the Shannon-Wiener index (H') was observed. However, the Simpson index (1/D) and the McIntosh index (U) were obviously reduced (p ≤ 0.05) during the initial 3 days after the first triadimefon application and thereafter, gradually recovered to or exceeded the level of the control soil. A similar trend in variation but with a faster recovery in the 1/D and U was observed after the second and third triadimefon applications, respectively. Taken together, the above results indicate that the repeated application of triadimefon enhanced the degradation rate of the fungicide and the recovery rate of the soil microbial functional diversity. It is concluded that repeated triadimefon applications in soil have a transient or temporary inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities.     

Urban transformation of a metropolis and its environmental impacts

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to understand the sustainability of urban spatial transformation in the process of rapid urbanization, and calls for future research on the demographic and economic dimensions of climate change. Shanghai towards its transformation to a metropolis has experienced vast socioeconomic and ecological change and calls for future research on the impacts of demographic and economic dimensions on climate change. We look at the major questions (1) to explore economic and demographic growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic and city growth, and (2) to analyze how the demography and economic growth have been associated with the local air temperature and vegetation.

Method

We examine urban growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic development and urbanization. We assess the impact of urban expansion on local air temperature and vegetation. The analysis is based on time series data of land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and meteorological, demographic and economic data.

Results and discussion

The results indicate that urban growth has been driven by mass immigration; as a consequence of economic growth and urban expansion, a large amount of farmland has been converted to paved road and residential buildings. Furthermore, the difference between air temperature in urban and exurban areas has increased rapidly. The decrease of high mean annual NDVI has mainly occurred around the dense urban areas.     

污泥转移SBR工艺处理低浓度生活污水

污泥转移SBR工艺是一种通过内部污泥回流实现污泥在不同SBR隔室间转移,从而增加污泥利用效率,提高系统除污效能的新工艺。以设计规模为240 m3/d、处理低浓度生活污水的工艺系统为对象,研究了新工艺在不同泥转移量(污泥回流比)下的除污性能,并与系统以传统SBR方式运行的情况进行了对比。结果表明,新工艺可以有效提高SBR反应器的容积利用率;采用30%的污泥回流比进行污泥转移,新工艺的处理能力比传统SBR工艺提高近1/2,除磷效率从46%提升至85%。出水各项水质指标均能达到国家排放标准的要求。     

苦土和氧化镁处理氮磷废水的对比研究

分别采用苦土、纯氧化镁为沉淀剂对模拟高浓度氮磷废水(N/P=0.8)进行了脱氮除磷研究,比较了沉淀剂投加量、pH对2种沉淀剂处理氮磷废水的影响,对沉淀产物进行XRD分析,并进行了经济效益比较。结果表明,pH是影响2种沉淀剂处理氮磷废水的主要因素,随着pH的增加,脱氮除磷效果提高,在平衡pH为9～10之间时氮磷处理效果最佳,pH继续增加,由于磷酸镁沉淀的形成使得氨氮去除率降低。此外,处理相同的废水,苦土的最佳投加量要大于纯氧化镁,但是经济效益比较结果表明,以苦土为沉淀剂处理氮磷废水可大大降低处理成本。     

MnxCe1-xO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其催化甲苯的燃烧性能

以γ-Al2O3为载体,以MnxCe1-xO2为催化活性组分,采用浸渍法制备了一系列负载型MnxCe1-xO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂（x=0、0．2、0．4、0．6、0．8、0．9、1）,在固定床反应器中评价了催化剂对甲苯的催化燃烧性能。结果表明,MnxCe1-xO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化活性与催化剂的焙烧温度、活性组分MnxCe1-xO2的负载量以及Mn、Ce摩尔比有显著关系,其中焙烧温度550℃、负载量为20％、Mn、Ce摩尔比为4：1时,即MnxCe1-xO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂对甲苯的催化性能最佳,反应温度为180℃时,甲苯的转化率达到95％。并在连续100h的稳定性操作后,催化剂的活性基本无变化。采用XRD、BET以及SEM等分析测试手段对催化剂的结构以及表面进行了表征。     

活性炭电极对溶液中NaCl的电吸附行为

用活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品制备了活性炭电极。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析了电极的表面性质,发现电极表面的黏结剂可完全碳化,且活性炭上带有大量含氧官能团;利用电化学工作站采用循环伏安法对电极进行了测试,表明电吸附是一稳定而又可逆的过程,电极电流的最大值由碳化前的0.019 8A升至碳化后的0.042 7A,双电层电容提高到碳化前的2.16倍;对NaCl的电吸附实验表明碳化后电极的电吸附率是碳化前的1.59倍,活性炭的吸附容量也由1.14mg/g提高到3.29mg/g,且活性炭电极具有良好的重复利用性。     

Determination of antibiotics in sewage from hospitals, nursery and slaughter house, wastewater treatment plant and source water in Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir in China

Sewage samples from 4 hospitals, 1 nursery, 1 slaughter house, 1 wastewater treatment plant and 5 source water samples of Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir were analyzed for macrolide, lincosamide, trimethoprim, fluorouinolone, sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of ofloxacin (OFX) in hospital was the highest among all water environments ranged from 1.660 μg/L to 4.240 μg/L and norfloxacin (NOR, 0.136-1.620 μg/L), ciproflaxacin (CIP, ranged from 0.011 μg/L to 0.136 μg/L), trimethoprim (TMP, 0.061-0.174 μg/L) were commonly detected. Removal range of antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plant was 18-100% and the removal ratio of tylosin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were 100%. Relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for tylosin (TYL), oxytetracycline (OXY) and tetracycline (TET)(100%), while lower removal efficiencies were observed for Trimethoprim (TMP, 1%), Epi-iso-chlorotetracycline (EICIC, 18%) and Erythromycin-H₂O (ERY-H₂O, 24%). Antibiotics were removed more efficiently in primary treatment compared with those in secondary treatment.     

可见光响应型CuO/BiVO4的光催化活性研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/BiVO4光催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重/差示扫描量热(TG/DSC)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)对其进行了表征,并在可见光照射下考察了其光催化氧化亚甲基蓝(MB)的动力学特性。结果表明,Cu的掺杂并未改变BiVO4的晶型结构;Cu(NO3)2/BiVO4在热处理(30～300℃)过程中,NO3-已经完全分解,Cu最终以CuO的形式存在于CuO/BiVO4光催化剂体系中;掺杂不同量Cu的CuO/BiVO4中的Cu2+/Bi+(摩尔比)实测值与理论值相近,该系列光催化剂的合成过程具有较高的可信度;在可见光照射下,CuO/BiVO4光催化降解MB反应符合表观一级反应动力学特征;当Cu2+/Bi+为0.050时,反应动力学速率常数(k)达到最高值(0.4334h-1),此时的k比单体BiVO4作用下的提高了1.04倍;由于异质结的存在,CuO/BiVO4与单体BiVO4相比,电子和空穴的利用率大大增加,使得CuO/BiVO4的光催化活性较单体BiVO4有了大幅度提高。     

我国机动车污染防治行业2009年发展综述

综述了2009年我国机动车污染防治行业的发展环境及市场特点、主要(骨干)企业发展情况,分析了2009年行业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了解决对策和建议,并对行业的发展进行了展望。