Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China

The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium accumulated by 12 emergent-rooted wetland plant species including different populations of Leersia hexandra, Juncus effusus and Equisetum ramosisti were investigated in field conditions of China. The results showed that metal accumulation by wetland plants differed among species, populations and tissues. Populations grown in substrata with elevated metals contained significantly higher metals in plants. Metals accumulated by wetland plants were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance widely exists in them. That some species/populations could accumulate relatively high metal concentrations (far above the toxic concentration to plants) in their shoots indicates that internal detoxification metal tolerance mechanism(s) are also included. The factors affecting metal accumulation by wetland plants include metal concentrations, pH, and nutrient status in substrata. Mostly concentrations of Pb and Cu in both aboveground and underground tissues of the plants were significantly positively related to their total and/or DTPA-extractable fractions in substrata while negatively to soil N and P, respectively. The potential use of these wetland plants in phytoremediation is also discussed.     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

兰州市2011年春节期间颗粒物浓度及其谱分布特征

研究了兰州市2011年1月25日~2月18日春节期间大气颗粒物浓度及其谱分布特征,并通过多元对数正态分布拟合方法对其体积浓度谱特征进行了分析.采用空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS-3321)对颗粒物数浓度及其谱分布进行了实时监测,以阐明兰州市春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对大气颗粒物浓度及其谱分布的影响.结果表明:2011年春节期间兰州市烟花燃放对2月3日~8日颗粒物浓度有不同程度的影响,正月初一00:00~01:00和21:00~22:00时受烟花爆竹燃放影响最大,其中在烟花燃放最为集中时段(2月3日0:00~1:00时)0.5~10μm大气颗粒物平均数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度分别为(310.3±97.2)个/cm3、(1061.6±396.0)μm2/cm3和(409.9±176.0)μm3/cm3,分别较未受烟花燃放影响的1月27日~30日0:00~1:00时平均值增加了6.10倍、7.72倍和9.93倍.烟花燃放对数浓度和体积浓度的影响分别主要集中在0.542~1.382μm和3.278~8.354μm粒径段,而对表面积浓度的影响主要集中在0.542~1.981μm和3.278~8.354μm粒径段.受烟花燃放影响的颗粒物体积浓度谱中位径在0.93, 5.50μm左右出现的比例最大,未受烟花燃放影响的颗粒物体积浓度谱中位径在0.85,5.50μm左右出现的比例最大,与未受烟花燃放影响日的颗粒物体积浓度谱相比,燃放烟花使位于积聚模态的体积中位径增加.     

水煤浆在复合前置燃烧室内低NOx排放的研究

近年来,随着水煤浆燃烧技术的不断发展,采用复合前置燃烧室作为一种新型的煤浆燃烧没备已得到初步的研究,并将走向工业性试验。本文在以往浙江大学燃烧教研室研究煤及水煤浆沸腾燃烧过程中N0_x的     

Analysis of relationship between economic growth and environment in Benxi Shiqiaozi Development Zone

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成都市冬季大气消光系数及其组成的特征研究

由于气溶胶吸湿增长的复杂性和不确定性,大气消光的演化机理至今尚不十分清晰.为此,利用成都市2017年12月浊度仪和黑碳仪的逐时观测资料,结合同时次的环境气象监测数据,系统研究了该区域冬季对应550 nm大气消光系数及其组成的特征.结果表明:①观测期间大气消光系数为(1173.42±641.21) Mm~(-1),其中"干"气溶胶散射系数、"干"气溶胶吸收系数、干洁大气散射系数、气态污染物吸收系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数对其平均贡献率分别是53.02%、6.54%、1.50%、1.65%和37.29%.②大气消光系数、"干"气溶胶散射系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数的日变化为"单峰单谷型",而"干"气溶胶吸收系数和气态污染物吸收系数的日变化则分别表现为"单谷型"和"双峰双谷型".③明确了单位质量大气消光系数及其组成随相对湿度的变化特征,并就其各自成因进行了分析.     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

非离子表面活性剂对污泥调理脱水效果的影响

现有污泥脱水技术仅使污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处置要求.以污泥比阻（SRF）、脱水率为考察指标,比较了两大类非离子型表面活性剂（辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚OPEO型和烷基糖苷APG）对剩余污泥的脱水效果,并对原泥及调理后污泥进行了显微观察.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂可使污泥絮体粒径变小,不规则程度降低,改善了污泥的脱水性能,而且烷基糖苷APG脱水效果优于OPEO型.APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,污泥比阻即可降低到原泥的42%,脱水率可达到93%.以烷基糖苷APG为调理剂进行板框脱水实验,结果表明,当APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,脱水泥饼含水率比原泥脱水泥饼含水率低约10%,脱水率可达到97%.本研究为APG应用于污泥脱水,改善污泥脱水性能提供一些参考.     

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰稳定固化含重金属工业污泥的试验研究

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰作为固化剂有效稳定固化含重金属的工业污泥为目的,研究结果显示重金属污泥和城市垃圾焚烧飞灰所构建的固化体系具有很强的重金属束缚能力,增加飞灰的质量分数或者加入一定质量分数的水泥可以增加固化体的抗压强度以满足填埋需求。同时考虑抗压强度、浸出浓度和增容比等各方面的要求,当飞灰的质量分数45%,水泥的质量分数为5%,工业污泥的质量分数为50%是有效稳定固化重金属的最佳配比。对固化体微观结构分析显示:主要的水化产物硫铝酸钙(Aft)、Friedel相、水化硅酸钙(CSH)对稳定固化重金属起到了重要的作用。