Oxidative removal of acetaminophen using zero valent aluminum-acid system: Efficacy, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism

Commercial available zero valent aluminum under air-equilibrated acidic conditions (ZVAl/H⁺/air system) demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove aqueous organic compounds. Acetaminophen (ACTM), the active ingredient of the over-the-counter drug Tylenol^®, is widely present in the aquatic environment and therefore the treatment of ACTM-contaminated water calls for further research. Herein we investigated the oxidative removal of ACTM by ZVAl/H⁺/air system and the reaction mechanism. In acidic solutions (pH < 3.5), ZVAl displayed an excellent capacity to remove ACTM. More than 99% of ACTM was eliminated within 16 hr in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 2.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L ACTM at 25 ± 1\textcelsius. Higher temperature and lower pH facilitated ACTM removal. The addition of different iron species Fe⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ into ZVAl/H⁺/air system dramatically accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO. via Fenton's reaction. Furthermore, the primary intermediate hydroquinone and the anions formate, acetate and nitrate, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. This work suggested that ZVAl/H⁺/air system may be potentially employed to treat ACTM-contaminated water.     

中国东部主要河流河水腐殖酸的起源、含量及地域分异规律

测定了中国东部地区主要河流河水、悬浮物和沉积物中腐殖酸含量,研究了该地区河水腐殖酸含量的地域分异规律,并探讨了河水腐殖酸的可能来源。结果表明,所研究河流河水腐殖酸含量在0.9—14.4mg/L范围内,中值为4.16mg/L,并有北高南低的一般趋势。黑龙江上游及松花江北部支流的河水腐殖酸含量在8.5mg/L以上,滦河以北其它地区在3.9—6.4mg/L范围内,黄河以南区域则在0.9—3.3mg/L之间,所研究地区河水中的腐殖酸为混合起源的,它既来自河流悬浮物和沉积物中腐殖酸的释放,又来自流域表土中腐殖酸的淋溶。     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and As) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negative effects from a long-term perspective.Moreover,in the coexisting CW system of Ag NPs and phosphorus,competition exhibited in the initial exposure phase,however,cooperation between them was observed in later phase.Enzymatic activity of acid-phosphatase at the moderate temperature(10–20°C) was visibly higher than that at the high temperature(20–30℃) and CWs with Ag NPs addition had no appreciable differences compared with the control.High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial richness,diversity and composition of CWs were distinctly affected with the extension of exposure time at different Ag NPs levels.However,the phosphorus removal performance of CWs did not decline with the decrease of polyphosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs),which also confirmed that adsorption precipitation was the main way of phosphorus removal in CWs.The study suggested that Ag NPs and phosphorus could be removed synergistically in the coexistence system.This work has some reference for evaluating the influences of Ag NPs on the phosphorus removal and the interrelation between them in CWs.     

水位变化对湖泊沉积物营养释放的影响

水位波动可有效调节湖泊生态系统的结构与功能,干湿交替过程引起的沉积物生物地球化学循环途径的改变是其重要机制之一。大量研究结果表明,干湿交替将加速沉积物有机碳的分解,强化沉积物硝化与硝化作用的偶联,促进沉积物磷的酶促水解和厌氧解离,从而增加再度淹没之后水中溶解有机碳和生物可利用性磷的浓度,并减少溶解无机态氮的浓度。有机质的分解是上述过程的关键步骤。因此,必须系统描述湖泊水陆界面土壤和沉积物基本理化性状与水生生物特征,分析干旱过程中沉积物生物地球化学循环途径的变化,了解淹没过程中水柱营养状态与浮游生物群落对沉积物营养释放的响应,从而揭示水位波动调控富营养化过程的机制,即诱发营养脉冲或维系其持续补给,改变营养阈值,进而导致稳态转换。     

成都市工业挥发性有机物排源成分谱

选取成都市汽车制造和石油化工等典型工业行业,通过瓶采样和SUMMA罐采样及GC-MS分析方法,研究了不同生产工艺环节的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征.结果表明,汽车制造各工艺环节均有各自的优势组分,其中喷漆排放以烷烃(32%)和芳香烃(35%)为主.家具制造排放特征与使用原辅料高度相关,以芳香烃(50%)和OVOCs(38%)为主.石油化工各装置区VOCs浓度范围为49～1 387μg·m~(-3),不同装置区存在较大差异,主要是由于炼油区主要产品为C_5～C_9的汽油和苯系物等,化工区则较多使用了溶剂同时生成烯烃类产品.电子制造均以OVOCs为主,占VOCs总排放的50%以上.制鞋行业排放VOCs主要由烷烃和OVOCs贡献,平均占比分别为52%和36%,与所用溶剂组分高度相关.汽车制造VOCs排放组分差异较大,主要以正十二烷和2-丁酮等为主.家具制造排放组分主要为苯乙烯、乙酸乙酯和间/对-二甲苯等,为涂料和稀释剂的典型组分.石油化工各装置区排放组分有差异,炼油区以苯乙烯等为主,化工区主要为1,3-丁二烯等,仓储区主要为C_3～C_5烷烃等,废水处理则主要为C_6～C_8烷烃等.电子制造主要组分均为乙醇和丙酮等醛酮组分.制鞋企业排放组分以C_5和C_6等烷烃为主.通过臭氧生成潜势计算比较,汽车制造和石油化工行业对臭氧生成潜势贡献较大的VOCs排放组分以烯烃和芳香烃为主,具有较高的污染源反应活性.研究表明各工业行业OVOCs排放比例(17%～96%)和对臭氧生成潜势贡献均较为显著,因此在进行VOCs排放控制时,除重点管控芳香烃和烯烃外,亦应提高对OVOCs组分的关注.     

滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质及其主要组分的紫外-可见与三维荧光光学特性

利用紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,结合土壤腐殖质及腐殖质组分(胡敏酸、富里酸)中的有机碳含量,研究了滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质及其组分胡敏酸和富里酸的光谱特征.结果表明,滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质中富里酸含量高于胡敏酸,流域范围内土壤活性腐殖质及其组分含量分布不均匀,活性腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量的变异系数分别达37.7%、36.4%、40.9%.土壤活性腐殖质及其组分胡敏酸和富里酸的碳含量均表现为菜地荒地草地湿地.光谱特征结果表明,滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质主要由自生源物质和经一定程度降解后的外源物质共同组成.此外,自生源性与光化学及生物活性具有正相关关系.因此,具有弱自生源性的滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质所具有的光化学和生物活性较弱.     

ZT廊道交替池工艺在城市污水处理中的应用

介绍了ZT廊道交替池工艺的运行原理、工艺特点及运行效果。工程实践表明,ZT廊道交替池工艺应用于城市污水处理时,出水pH值、SS、CODCr、BOD5、氨氮、总磷各项指标均能够达到国家一级排放标准,处理效果持续稳定。     

2016-2018年西宁市颗粒物来源及输送差异分析

利用HYSPLIT模式计算了2016—2018年西宁市逐日72 h气团后向轨迹,采用聚类分析方法,结合同期颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度数据,分析逐年和3年平均西宁市颗粒物输送特征及差异,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）对影响西宁市PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的污染潜在源区及不同潜在源区贡献进行了分析.结果表明,2016—2018年,西宁市颗粒物最主要输送路径源自青海北部的聚类2、甘肃中部的聚类6和甘肃东部的聚类8,占同期总轨迹比例分别为28.1%、27.4%和27.5%;3年平均则源自青海北经青海东折回西宁的聚类2,占比45.3%.最主要输送路径对应颗粒物质量浓度最低,输送距离较短、垂直高度较低、气团移速较慢;影响气团由西北向偏东转变,3年平均则以西北气团为主.2018年源自甘肃经青海东至西宁的短距离输送处于突出地位,所含轨迹占总轨迹的比例高达49.6%.PM₁₀和PM_2.5主要输送路径和污染路径由较长距离向较短距离过渡,较长距离输送路径出现比例逐年较小.PM_2.5/PM₁₀小于0.3时,主要输送路径与PM₁₀污染轨迹有很好的对应关系;PM_2.5/PM₁₀大于0.6时,主要输送路径与PM_2.5污染轨迹有较好的对应关系.PSCF和CWT分析发现,影响西宁市颗粒物质量浓度的主要污染潜在源区分布在新疆南部和青海北部,对PM₁₀质量浓度贡献大于100 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5质量浓度贡献大于45 μg·m^-3.潜在源区分布年变化差异明显,2016年最广,2018年最小.印度北部主要贡献源区虽分布范围逐年减小,但在2017年局部贡献增大,对PM₁₀贡献超250 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5贡献超60 μg·m^-3.主要贡献区周边区域及西宁至兰州一带为中等贡献源区,对PM₁₀贡献为50~100 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5贡献为15~45 μg·m^-3.     

大气污染总量控制方案的区域排放当量制定方法

在分析现有的大气污染总量控制方案的制定方法的基础上,本文提出了区域排放当量概念及相应的大气污染物总量控制方法。应用该概念制定总量控制方案,首先是运用线性规划模型求解区域允许排放当量,线性规划模型中的技术系数是以区域内网格为基础的污染物转移函数;其次是分配区域允许当量至各个污染源,从而确定污染源的允许排放量。该方法已在南昌市的大气污染总量控制方案的制定中得到应用。