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21.
Jimmie C. Oxley James L. Smith Carolyn Higgins Patrick Bowden Jesse Moran Joe Brady Carol E. Aziz Evan Cox 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(11):3629-3634
When an explosive detonates or a propellant or flare burns, consumption of the energetic filler should be complete but rarely is, especially in the presence of large amounts of non-combustible materials. Herein we examine three types of perchlorate-containing devices to estimate their potential as sources of contamination in their normal mode of functioning. Road flares, rocket propellants and ammonium nitrate (AN) emulsion explosives are potentially significant anthropogenic sources of perchlorate contamination. This laboratory evaluated perchlorate residue from burning of flares and propellants as well as detonations of ammonium nitrate emulsion explosives. Residual perchlorate in commercial products ranged from 0.094 mg perchlorate per gram material (flares) to 0.012 mg perchlorate per gram material (AN emulsion explosives). The rocket propellant formulations, prepared in this laboratory, generated 0.014 mg of perchlorate residue per gram of material. 相似文献
22.
Damon M. Hall Andrea Feldpausch-Parker Tarla Rai Peterson Jennie C. Stephens Elizabeth J. Wilson 《Sustainability Science》2017,12(3):381-392
Sustainability science is a solution-oriented discipline. Yet, there are few theory-rich discussions about how this orientation structures the efforts of sustainability science. We argue that Niklas Luhmann’s social system theory, which explains how societies communicate problems, conceptualize solutions, and identify pathways towards implementation of solutions, is valuable in explaining the general structure of sustainability science. From Luhmann, we focus on two key concepts. First, his notion of resonance offers us a way to account for how sustainability science has attended and responded to environmental risks. As a product of resonance, we reveal solution-oriented research as the strategic coordination of capacities, resources, and information. Second, Luhmann’s interests in self-organizing processes explain how sustainability science can simultaneously advance multiple innovations. The value logic that supports this multiplicity of self-organizing activities as a recognition that human and natural systems are complex coupled and mutually influencing. To give form to this theoretical framework, we offer case evidence of renewable energy policy formation in Texas. Although the state’s wealth is rooted in a fossil-fuel heritage, Texas generates more electricity from wind than any US state. It is politically antagonistic towards climate-change policy, yet the state’s reception of wind energy technology illustrates how social and environmental systems can be strategically aligned to generate solutions that address diverse needs simultaneously. This case demonstrates that isolating climate change—as politicians do as a separate and discrete problem—is incapable of achieving sustainable solutions, and resonance offers researchers a framework for conceptualizing, designing, and communicating meaningfully integrated actions. 相似文献
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Ralph A. Chapman C.M. Tu C.R. Harris Carol Harris 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):489-497
Abstract Disappearance rates of 10 ppm technical diflubenzuron (N(((4‐chloro‐phenyl)amino)carbonyl)‐2,6‐diflurobenzamide, Dimilin®) and BAY SIR 8514 (2‐chloro‐N(((4‐trifluoromethoxyphenyl)amino)carbonyl)benzamide) applied on quartz sand to natural sandy loam and muck soils were significantly greater than for the corresponding sterilized soils, e.g. 47–51% vs. 68–87% BAY SIR 8514 and 2–12% vs. 80–87% diflubenzuron remaining at 12 wk, indicating that soil microorganisms play a major role in their degradation. Kinetic analysis of the data based on a first order dependence on the insecticide concentration showed that the rate constants for these disappearance reactions decreased with time. 相似文献
25.
Increased salinity in spawning and nursery grounds in the Savannah River estuary was cited as the primary cause of a 97% decrease
in adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and a concomitant 96% decrease in striped bass egg production. Restoration efforts focused on environmental remediation
and stock enhancement have resulted in restored salinity patterns and increased egg and adult abundances. However, future
water needs or harbor development may preclude further recovery by reducing freshwater inflow or increasing salinity intrusion.
To assess the effect of potential changes in the salinity regime, we developed models relating discharge, tidal phase, and
salinity to striped bass egg and early larval survival and re-cast these in a quantitative Bayesian belief network. The model
indicated that a small upstream shift (≤1.67 km) in the salinity regime would have the least impact on striped bass early
life history survival, whereas shifts >1.67 km would have progressively larger impacts, with a 8.33-km shift potentially reducing
our estimated survival probability by >28%. Such an impact could have cumulative and long-term detrimental effects on the
recovery of the Savannah River striped bass population. The available salinity data were collected during average and low
flows, so our model represents some typical and some extreme conditions during a striped bass spawning season. Our model is
a relatively simplistic, “first-order” attempt at evaluating potential effects of changes in the Savannah River estuarine
salinity regime and points to areas of concern and potential future research. 相似文献
26.
Anna Peterson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(6):607-608
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Elizabeth Walker Peterson Jonathan Howland 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(1):2-11
Abstract To determine covariates of radon testing behavior, we surveyed by mail a random sample of all Boston University employees (N = 915) six to nine months after they had been informed of the availability of radon testing services through the University's medical center. The response rate was 58%. Analysis suggests blue collar workers were underrepresented within the response rate. Slightly more than half of the respondents (51%) were men. The majority (69%) were under the age of 45. Twenty-seven percent of the respondents (N = 143) had tested their homes for radon. Bivariate analysis revealed important differences between radon testers and nontesters. Testers were 12 times more likely to be home owners than renters (p = 0.00), and were more knowledgeable about radon's characteristics and testing procedures (p = 0.00). Testers were more likely to view radon as a serious problem (p = 0.00), to consider radon testing efficacious (p = 0.00), and to consider themselves susceptible to exposure (p = 0.00). Testers were also less likely to perceive barriers to radon testing. We used logistic regression to compare the usefulness of the Health Belief Model and the Diffusion of Innovations Model in predicting radon testing. We concluded that the knowledge deficits and barriers to radon testing identified in this study should be targeted in radon educational interventions. 相似文献
30.
Zachary T. Long Stephen R. Fegley Charles H. Peterson 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2013,17(3):493-501
In September 2003, Hurricane Isabel created an inlet over 500 m wide and 10 m deep that connected the Atlantic Ocean and Pamlico Sound. This breach was subsequently filled with sediments dredged from the adjacent sound. The purpose of this study was to determine if the barrier island terrestrial plant communities were naturally re-establishing through primary succession. In 2006–2008, we compared plant communities, soil carbon and nitrogen, and Aeolian transport of sediments in undisturbed back-dunes, undisturbed shrub thickets, putative back-dunes, and putative shrub thickets. We found that species richness and evenness were low on the filled area relative to adjacent plant communities that had persisted through the storm. Plants on the filled area were almost entirely limited to a band of primarily Spartina patens found at the margin of the sound and there were no signs of establishing the typical zonation of back dune grasses, shrubs, and salt marsh. Evaluation of soil quality suggests that nutrients and organic material are not limiting recovery. Aeolian transport, however, was demonstrably higher across the filled area, where no dense stands of taller plants buffered the airflow. Plant re-establishment is suppressed by wind erosion inhibiting deposition of seeds. Recovery of the site will likely depend on the rhizomatous spread of S. patens from the sound shore. S. patens can then potentially facilitate the colonization of other species by buffering the wind and trapping seeds of other plants. Ironically, this slow recovery may benefit federally threatened bird species that require sparse vegetation for nesting success. 相似文献