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排序方式: 共有129条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
121.
Christoph Böhringer Carolyn Fischer Knut Einar Rosendahl 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2014
Given the bleak prospects for a global agreement on mitigating climate change, pressure for unilateral abatement is increasing. A major challenge is emissions leakage. Border carbon adjustments and output-based allocation of emissions allowances can increase effectiveness of unilateral action but introduce distortions of their own. We assess antileakage measures as a function of abatement coalition size. We first develop a partial equilibrium analytical framework to see how these instruments affect emissions within and outside the coalition. We then employ a computable general equilibrium model of international trade and energy use to assess the strategies as the coalition grows. We find that full border adjustments rank first in global cost-effectiveness, followed by import tariffs and output-based rebates. The differences across measures and their overall appeal decline as the abatement coalition grows. In terms of cost, the coalition countries prefer border carbon adjustments; countries outside the coalition prefer output-based rebates. 相似文献
122.
Five hundred and ninety-nine primary producers and consumers in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) (22°N–30°N, 160°W–180°W) were sampled for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition to elucidate trophic relationships in a relatively unimpacted, apex predator–dominated coral reef ecosystem. A one-isotope (δ13C), two-source (phytoplankton and benthic primary production) mixing model provided evidence for an average minimum benthic primary production contribution of 65 % to consumer production. Primary producer δ15N values ranged from ?1.6 to 8.0 ‰ with an average (2.1 ‰) consistent with a prevalence of N2 fixation. Consumer group δ15N means ranged from 6.6 ‰ (herbivore) to 12.1 ‰ (Galeocerdo cuvier), and differences between consumer group δ15N values suggest an average trophic enrichment factor of 1.8 ‰ Δ15N. Based on relative δ15N values, the larger G. cuvier may feed at a trophic position above other apex predators. The results provide baseline data for investigating the trophic ecology of healthy coral reef ecosystems. 相似文献
123.
Winter JG Somers KM Dillon PJ Paterson C Reid RA 《Journal of environmental quality》2002,31(6):2015-2025
The influence of golf course operation on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Precambrian Shield streams was evaluated using rapid bioassessment and the reference condition approach. Streams were sampled for water chemistry and invertebrates in 1999 and 2000, six on operational golf courses, and seven in forested reference locations. Correspondence analysis (CA) was used to determine the major patterns in the macroinvertebrate taxa, and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships with environmental variables. The reference streams were used to define the normal range of variation for a variety of summary indices to evaluate the golf course streams. In all cases, golf course streams were higher in nutrients and dissolved ions and more alkaline than the forested reference streams. There was considerable variability in the macroinvertebrate fauna from the golf course streams, which was related to differences in golf course land management practices and to the potential influence of highway runoff. Of the management practices evaluated, fertilizer application rates in particular were important, as was the presence of ponds upstream on the course. Invertebrate taxa with higher abundances in golf course streams included Turbellaria, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Zygoptera, and Trombidiformes. Taxa more common in the reference streams included Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, Culicidae, and Plecoptera. There were marked differences in the overall benthic macroinvertebrate community in three of the six golf course streams studied relative to the forested reference streams, suggesting that golf course land management on the Precambrian Shield can be associated with significant differences in macroinvertebrate community structure. 相似文献
124.
125.
Institutions play an important role in the adaptive capacity of a system in responding to climate change. This review paper
characterizes the status of the collective institutional response (government, industry, First Nation, community, civil society)
to climate change in the forest sector of the Canadian province of Ontario, and highlights the presence and nature of inter-institutional
networks as part of the response. Based on a synthesis of the commonalities in the public administration and policy literature
on tackling wicked problems, and the resilience literature, inter-institutional networks, which foster exchange of different
types of knowledge, are an important aspect of enhancing the adaptive capacity of social–ecological systems such as the forest
sector. Based on a content analysis of publicly available documents and insights gained from representatives of government,
community members and non-governmental organizations, mitigation and adaptations strategies are described. At the provincial
level there have been some new innovations in inter-institutional networks, but expansion of the forest stakeholders involved
in such networks would further enhance adaptive capacity. In particular, it is important to network with First Nations and
other forest-dependent communities who have a heightened vulnerability to climate change. The presence of a collaborative
capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build
long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in the Ontario forest sector.
相似文献
H. Carolyn Peach BrownEmail: |
126.
Tyhra Carolyn Kumasi Kwasi Obiri-Danso James H. Ephraim 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(6):927-943
The Barekese Reservoir is a facility for reserving water for treatment and subsequent consumption by the populace of the Kumasi
conurbation and its environs. The reservoir provides over 80% of the total public water supply to the Kumasi locale and is
plagued by persistent degradation through human activities throughout the catchment. This situation raises concern on the
regional deterioration of water quality and quantity. We present the attitudes of local communities towards their involvement
in river water management and the sustainable exploitation of natural resources. We administered both open ended and closed
structured questionnaires in seven communities in the reservoir catchment. The results revealed that individual residents
in these communities have not been involved in the management of the reservoir, adversely affecting goals of sustainable management.
Our study concludes with direct policy recommendations and applications in four specific areas to arrive at sustainable management
of the facility by involving affected communities through their inclusion in: ongoing and proposed project development as
shareholders; the review of existing environmental legislation; adopting of indigenous knowledge in management institutions;
and the re-introduction of norms and traditions within the communities. 相似文献
127.
Peter C. Freudenthal H. Daniel Roth Thomas Hammerstrom Carolyn Lichtenstein Ronald E. Wyzga 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):831-835
A method is described for quantifying health risks to asthmatics briefly exposed to elevated levels of SO2. By combining symptomologlcal and physiological measurements, we have developed a dose-response surface that relates both severity and incidence of response to ambient air quality levels. The complete model to assess potentially avoidable risks includes power plant emission data; ambient SO2 background levels; demographic and activity patterns of asthmatics, the identified population at risk; and the dose-response surface. The estimated annual risk to persons experiencing an SO2-lnduced response due to a nearby power plant is quite small (response rates under 3 percent). Uncertainties due to modeling errors, variations in activity patterns, demographics and physiological response are discussed. 相似文献
128.
H. Carolyn Peach Brown Barry Smit Olufunso A. Somorin Denis J. Sonwa Johnson Ndi Nkem 《Ambio》2014,43(6):759-769
Tropical forests are vulnerable to climate-change representing a risk for indigenous peoples and forest-dependent communities. Mechanisms to conserve the forest, such as REDD+, could assist in the mitigation of climate change, reduce vulnerability, and enable people to adapt. Ninety-eight interviews were conducted in three countries containing the Congo Basin forest, Cameroon, CAR, and DRC, to investigate perceptions of decision-makers within, and responses of the institutions of the state, private sector, and civil society to the challenges of climate change. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change is high, direct institutional action is at an early stage. Adaptive capacity is currently low, but it could be enhanced with further development of institutional linkages and increased coordination of multilevel responses across all institutions and with local people. It is important to build networks with forest-dependent stakeholders at the local level, who can contribute knowledge that will build overall institutional adaptive capacity. 相似文献
129.
We summarize the latest results on the rapid changes that are occurring to Arctic sea ice thickness and extent, the reasons
for them, and the methods being used to monitor the changing ice thickness. Arctic sea ice extent had been shrinking at a
relatively modest rate of 3–4% per decade (annually averaged) but after 1996 this speeded up to 10% per decade and in summer
2007 there was a massive collapse of ice extent to a new record minimum of only 4.1 million km2. Thickness has been falling at a more rapid rate (43% in the 25 years from the early 1970s to late 1990s) with a specially
rapid loss of mass from pressure ridges. The summer 2007 event may have arisen from an interaction between the long-term retreat
and more rapid thinning rates. We review thickness monitoring techniques that show the greatest promise on different spatial
and temporal scales, and for different purposes. We show results from some recent work from submarines, and speculate that
the trends towards retreat and thinning will inevitably lead to an eventual loss of all ice in summer, which can be described
as a ‘tipping point’ in that the former situation, of an Arctic covered with mainly multi-year ice, cannot be retrieved. 相似文献