生物壳体就位分析中存在的问题及研究进展

生物壳体碳酸盐的稳定氧、碳同位素已经被大量地应用在古气候、古环境研究中。几十年的研究取得了很多重大成果,但是在生物壳体的就位分析研究中仍存在以下几个主要问题:生物壳体氧、碳同位素的解释问题;生物壳体时间序列的确定问题;就位分析研究壳体剖面的选择问题等。解决这些问题对于利用生物壳体提取高分辨率的古气候环境信息至关重要。文章针对这些问题进行了论述,并介绍了国内外为解决这些问题出现的新的研究方法及其最新研究进展。     

Experimental and modeling study of de novo formation of PCDD/PCDF on MSW fly ash

The effect of sulfur dioxide （SO2） on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） has been studied in an entrained-flow reactor （EFR） under simulated waste combustion conditions. A chlorination model based on conditional probability was employed to evaluate the homologue patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs. Results revealed that the presence of SO2 did not alter the formation pathway although SO2 suppressed PCDD/F formation. The prediction model of PCDF showed good agreement with the experimental data （R--0.95）, whereas the prediction for PCDDs did not correlate well with the experimental data. This may be explained because potential chlorination pathways play a significant role in PCDF formation, whereas PCDDs are mainly formed through condensation reactions. Furthermore, the result indicated that the steric hindrance during formation has more effects on PCDD than on PCDF due to the symmetric molecular structures of PCDDs.     

Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas otitidis WL-13 and its capacity to decolorize triphenylmethane dyes

Pseudomonas otitidis WL-13, which has a high capacity to decolorize triphenylmethane dyes, was isolated from activated sludge obtained from a wastewater treatment plant of a dyeing industry. This strain exhibited a remarkable color-removal capability when tested against several triphenylmethane dyes under both shaking and static conditions at high concentrations of dyes. More than 95% of Malachite Green and Brilliant Green was removed within 12 h at 500 μmol/L dye concentration under shaking conditions. Cry...     

水汽源地和局地蒸发对大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组分的影响

降水氢氧稳定同位素组分是一种良好的示踪剂,对水汽循环的研究有重要意义.本研究基于2016年在南京、溧阳、宜兴和东山这4个站点按降水事件采集的降水样品,测定了降水HDO和H_2~(18)O组分,分析了降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分以及过量氘的时间变化特征;探讨了水汽源地和局地蒸发对降水稳定同位素组分的影响.结果表明:(1)冬夏季风期间水汽源地的差异使4个站点降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分及过量氘有明显的季节变化,主要表现为HDO和H_2~(18)O组分夏季风期间贫化,冬季风期间富集;过量氘夏季风期间小于冬季风期间;(2)夏季风期间,太湖蒸发补给使下游地区的降水过量氘变大,局地大气降水线方程的截距变高;冬季风期间,局地蒸发对降水同位素影响很小,降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分以及过量氘的空间变化不明显;(3) 4个站点局地大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均较高,原因可能是冬夏季风期间的降水水汽来源的差异和冬季风期间水汽再循环过程的影响.     

气溶胶有机碳元素碳基本特征研究的前沿动向

综述国外气溶胶有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的五大特征(粒径分布、物质组成、时空分布、室内室外关系、排放源分析的)研究的进展;概述了国内OC、EC相关研究情况,展示了国内外OC、EC基本特征研究的发展重点和趋势。     

Effect of Agricultural Antibiotics on the Persistence and Transformation of 17β-Estradiol in a Sequatchie Loam

A laboratory incubation study was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural antibiotics (sulfamethazine, tylosin, and chlortetracycline) on the persistence and transformation of 17β-estradiol in Sequatchie loam. We measured concentrations of 17β-estradiol and its primary metabolite (estrone) in soils spiked with antibiotics and 17β-estradiol. Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was also measured as an indicator of the total microbial activity of the soils. The presence of antibiotics significantly decreased transformation of 17β-estradiol to estrone. There was a positive correlation between the DHA and the concentrations of estrone in soil spiked with 17β-estradiol only, implying that the reaction is mainly catalyzed by dehydrogenases. However, the positive correlation was weakened in soil spiked with 17β-estradiol and antibiotics together. We recommend that any study evaluating the fate and transport of estrogenic hormones in soil should include the effect of agricultural antibiotics because antibiotics and estrogenic hormones are commonly excreted together in environmental samples.     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

Using Genetic Profiles of African Forest Elephants to Infer Population Structure,Movements, and Habitat Use in a Conservation and Development Landscape in Gabon

Conservation of wide‐ranging species, such as the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), depends on fully protected areas and multiple‐use areas (MUA) that provide habitat connectivity. In the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas in Gabon, which includes 2 national parks separated by a MUA containing energy and forestry concessions, we studied forest elephants to evaluate the importance of the MUA to wide‐ranging species. We extracted DNA from elephant dung samples and used genetic information to identify over 500 individuals in the MUA and the parks. We then examined patterns of nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial control‐region sequences to infer population structure, movement patterns, and habitat use by age and sex. Population structure was weak but significant, and differentiation was more pronounced during the wet season. Within the MUA, males were more strongly associated with open habitats, such as wetlands and savannas, than females during the dry season. Many of the movements detected within and between seasons involved the wetlands and bordering lagoons. Our results suggest that the MUA provides year‐round habitat for some elephants and additional habitat for others whose primary range is in the parks. With the continuing loss of roadless wilderness areas in Central Africa, well‐managed MUAs will likely be important to the conservation of wide‐ranging species. Utilización de Perfiles Genéticos de Elefantes Africanos para Inferir su Estructura Poblacional, Movimientos y Uso del Hábitat en un Paisaje con Conservación y Desarrollo en Gabón Resumenfgs     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

生物炭添加对两种类型土壤DOC淋失影响

生物炭能增加土壤碳库贮量,对全球碳的生物地球化学循环和缓解全球气候变化起到不可忽视的作用。可溶性有机碳(DOC)是土壤碳库中十分重要的组分,研究生物炭对DOC淋失影响对深入了解生物炭对土壤有机碳循环具有重要意义。本文以新疆和河南两种土壤为对象,通过室内土柱淋滤试验研究生物炭添加对不同类型土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)淋失影响以及添加不同生物炭对同种土壤淋滤液中DOC淋失影响特征。结果表明,新疆和河南土壤淋滤液DOC浓度和淋失量随着生物炭添加比例增加(1%,5%,10%)而减少。与玉米秸秆和锯末混合物为原料制成生物炭相比,玉米秸秆生物炭能显著降低新疆土壤淋滤液中DOC浓度。