Size-fractionation and characterization of landfill leachate and the improvement of Cu2+ adsorption capacity in soil and aged refuse

Leachate was collected from an anaerobic lagoon at Shanghai Laogang refuse landfill, the largest landfill in China, and the sample was separated into six fractions using micro-filtration membranes, followed by ultra-filtration membranes. Several parameters of the samples were measured, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total solids (TS), pH, total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), fixed solids (FS), NH4+, orthophosphate, color, turbidity, and conductivity. These parameters were then quantitatively correlated with the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane used. Organic matter in the dissolved fraction (MW<1kDa) predominated in the leachate, accounting for 65% of TOC. Thermal infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the filter residues. Asymmetric and symmetric stretching of methyl and methylene groups, and of functional groups containing nitrogen and oxygen atoms, were observed. In addition, the ability of two different samples to adsorb heavy metals was tested. Cu2+ was chosen as the representative heavy metal in this study, and the samples were soil; aged refuse, which had spent 8 years in a conventional sanitary landfill; and samples of soil and aged refuse treated for 48h with leachate in the ratio of 5g of sample per 50ml of leachate. Cu2+ uptake by the raw soil was approximately 4.60microg/g, while uptake by the leachate-contacted soil and leachate-contacted aged refuse were 5.66 and 5.11microg/g, respectively. These results show that the organic matter in the leachate enhanced the capacity of aqueous solutions to adsorb Cu2+.     

中国沙漠化灾害现状及其趋势分析

沙漠化灾害是危及我国广大干旱半干旱及部分半湿润地区持续发展的重大灾种之一。我国现有沙漠化土地２０．１万ｋｍ＾３，造成的年直接经济损失１７．４－２０．４亿元。年总损失达７８３－９１８亿元，受危害的２１２个县（旗、市）的沙漠化灾害程度分别是１３４个轻度、５４个中度和２４个重度，随着沙漠化灾害的不断发展，预计到２０００年时我国沙漠化土地的面积将达到２３．３万ｋｍ＾２，１０７个县（旗、市）的沙漠化灾害程度     

Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, urban and rural sites in Beijing

Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban, rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied. High levels of Mn, Ni, As, Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates 4 sources of combustion emission, crust related sources, traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion. The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method (EFs). Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe, Sr, Zr and Ba; Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Tl and Pb; Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be, Na, K, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Sn and Sb. The EFs of Be, S, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter. The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2-6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources. Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline, as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites, and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.     

城市污水处理计算机控制系统的应用研究

本文通过对污水处理行业所采取的计算机控制系统进行比较分析 ,得出结论 :采用基于现场总线的PC +PLC分级分布式控制形式 ,能够使系统具有很高的性能 /价格比。同时 ,将此结构进行拓展 ,成功应用于我国第一座自主开发的城市污水处理厂———沈阳南部污水处理示范厂。在系统中采用就地操作BIU +MFP(基本接口单元 +微现场处理单元 )与主PLC相结合的控制结构 ,通过GeniusBus(现场总线 )技术实现通讯处理 ,达到节约投资、提高系统安全性的目的     

TR-01稠油乳化降粘剂研究

针对河南油田井楼区块稠油,自制TR-01乳化降粘剂,通过实验研究了其降粘性能、稳定性,确定了降粘剂TR-01最佳浓度为0.3%、最佳油水比为70∶30。实验结果表明:TR-01乳化降粘剂对井楼区块油井的普遍适用性较强,具有较好的乳化降粘作用(降粘率达到99%以上),地层水对其降粘效果影响不大。其中的纳米成分能增加对污水中悬浮物的吸附能力和絮凝能力,对油田污水处理起到积极作用。     

Ambient volatile organic compounds pollution in China

Owing to rapid economic and industrial development, China has been suffering from degraded air quality and visibility. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone and hence photochemical smog. Some VOCs adversely affect human health. Therefore, VOCs have recently elicited public concern and given new impetus to scientific interest. China is now implementing a series of polices to control VOCs pollution. The key to formulating policy is understanding the ambient VOCs pollution status. This paper mainly analyzes the species, levels, sources, and spatial distributions of VOCs in ambient air. The results show that the concentrations of ambient VOCs in China are much higher than those of developed countries such as the United States and Japan, especial benzene, which exceeds available standards. At the same time, the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of various VOCs are calculated. Aromatics and alkenes have much higher OFPs, while aromatics have higher SOAFP. The OFPs of ambient VOCs in the cities of Beijing, Guangzhou and Changchun are very high, and the SOAFP of ambient VOCs in the cities of Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Changchun are higher.     

地铁深基坑开挖对邻近建筑物影响分析

为研究深基坑开挖对邻近建筑物的影响特征并评价其安全性,以厦门市某车站深基坑工程为例,通过构建三维有限元模型,考虑土体小应变刚度行为以及基坑-地基-基础-上部结构共同作用,计算基坑开挖引起邻近建筑物的变形值,并将柱底支座变位作为上部结构的强迫位移施加到上部结构上,然后进行结构内力分析和构件配筋验算,评价邻近建筑物的安全。研究表明:邻近建筑物越靠近基坑部分受基坑开挖影响越大,基坑开挖后,邻近建筑物结构变形主要表现为沉降和指向基坑的水平位移,结构最大水平位移为6.6 mm,自顶部向下逐渐减小,即结构发生微量倾斜;邻近建筑物地下室以沉降变形为主,主要受影响区域约为基坑围护墙后3倍的基坑开挖深度范围,沉降急剧变化区域约为1.5倍基坑开挖深度范围,地下室最大沉降为15.9 mm;受到邻近基坑开挖影响,上部结构虽然因支座变位产生内力重分布,但经检算认为整个结构仍然安全可靠。     

以泡沫镍为阴极的电芬顿法对苯酚的降解

电芬顿是一种高级氧化技术,其中电极材料对其处理效果有较为明显的影响.为提高电芬顿系统处理效率,选用泡沫镍电极作为阴极,以H2O2浓度为指标,探究了操作条件(pH、电流密度、曝气速率、电极间距)对其催化产H2O2性能的影响,并利用苯酚作为模拟污染物研究降解效果.实验结果表明,泡沫镍具备优异的阴极性能,其最佳工作条件为:pH=3,电流密度i=3 mA/cm2,曝气量10 L/h,电极间距3 cm,在此条件下反应60 min后H2O2浓度可达45 mg/L.使用泡沫镍作为阴极降解苯酚废水,研究了Fe2+投加量对去除率的影响.在最佳Fe2+量(40 mg/L)下,反应2 h后苯酚及COD去除率分别达到95%和80%.其降解反应符合准一级动力学方程,表观反应速率常数最大可达5.0×10-4 s-1.     

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix combined with regional integration analysis to characterize the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids from landfill at different stabilization stages

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis was used to investigate the composition and transformation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from landfill. The EEMs of HAs at different landfill ages were characterized by two typical fluorescence chromophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 420-470 nm/Em = 490-530 nm and Ex = 345-375 nm/Em = 450-465 nm. EEMs of FA were featured by other two distinctly different fluorophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 315-335 nm/Em = 420-440 nm and Ex = 255-275 nm/Em = 425-455 nm. The results show that HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1989 was formed by connecting small-condensed aromatic structures with protein-like chains. Compared with HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1992, HA extracted from the refuse of 1996 had a higher fluorescence intensity and lower r_(B,A) (the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of peak B and peak A) value. It contained low molar mass components, low aromatic condensation degree, and more easily oxidized substituents. This indicates that the landfill time strongly affects the EEMs characteristics of HA, and that the humification degree of HA increases with the landfill time. A red shift to a longer wavelength region and an increase of fluorescence intensity were observed when the concentration of HA was increased, suggesting that concentration had a great influence on the fluorescence characteristics of HAs. pH (2-12) also had significant effects on the fluorescence intensity, although it exerted no effect on the peak position of fluorescence of HA and FA. The results of FRI show that increasing concentration lead to more interactions among various structure components and that small molecular weight units tend to aggregate or be masked into more complicated and larger structures. The pH influence on the fluorescence intensity of HA seems mainly through molecular configuration, while the fluorescence intensity change with pH may be due to various substituents of FA.