Are current Chinese national ambient air quality standards on 24-hour averages for particulate matter sufficient to protect public health?

With rapid economic development and urbanization in recent decades, China has experienced the worsening of ambient air quality. For better air quality management to protect human health, Chinese government revised national ambient air quality standards(NAAQS) for particulate matter(PM) in 2012(GB3095-2012). To assess the effectiveness of current NAAQS for PM on public health in Chinese population, we conducted a metaanalysis on published studies examining the mortality risk of short-term exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm(PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in China. The reported24-hour concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in studies ranged from 43.5 to 150.1 μg/m~3 and 37.5 to 176.7 μg/m~3. In the pooled excess, mortality risk estimates of short-term exposure to PM.In specific, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(10), we observed increases of 0.40%(95%CI: 0.33%,0.47%), 0.57%(95%CI: 0.44%, 0.70%) and 0.49%(95%CI: 0.40%, 0.58%) in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(2.5), we observed increases of 0.51%(95%CI: 0.38%, 0.63%), 0.62%(95%CI: 0.52%, 0.73%) and 0.75%(95%CI: 0.54%, 0.95%) in total,respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we derived 125 μg/m~3 for PM_(10) and 62.5 μg/m~3 for PM_(2.5) as 24-hour recommendation values based on the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that current Chinese NAAQS for PM could be sufficient in mitigating the excess mortality risk from short-term exposure to ambient PM. However, future research on longterm exposure cohort studies in Chinese population is also essential in revising annual averages for PM in Chinese NAAQS.     

苯醌类与苯醌亚胺类在日光/Fenton体系中的光敏性

基于苯酚降解中间产物（苯醌）、酸性甲基橙的目标化合物,研究了苯醌类与苯醌亚胺类在光/Fenton体系中的降解特性,分析了苯醌及酸性甲基橙的光敏特性,测定了光敏剂存在的情况下日光/Fenton和UV/Fenton体系中·OH的产量.结果表明,苯醌类光解,由于其光敏性好,能促进日光体系产生更多的·OH,日光/Fenton法好于UV/Fenton法.苯醌亚胺类降解,浓度较低时,UV/Fenton法好,浓度较高时,日光/Fenton法好,造成这种现象的主要原因是苯醌亚胺类光敏性一般,浓度低时日光体系中·OH的产量少于紫外体系,但苯醌亚胺类降解过程中有苯醌类生成,苯醌类的光敏性比苯醌亚胺类好,苯醌亚胺类浓度越高,其降解产物中苯醌类越多,进而导致日光体系中¹O₂、O₂^-·和·OH的产量多于紫外体系.     

Degradation of acid fuchsine by a modified electro-Fenton system with magnetic stirring as oxygen supplying

The current modified electro-Fenton system was designed to develop a more convenient and e cient undivided system for practical wastewater treatment. The system adopted a cathode portion that employed magnetic stirring instead of common oxygen gas di usion or gas sparging to supply oxygen gas for the electrolyte solution. Key factors influencing the cathode fabrication and activity were investigated. The degradation of acid fuchsine with a self-made graphite-polytetrafluorethylene cathode was studied using a spectrophotometer. It was found that the cathode generated hydrogen peroxide with high current e ciency and the hydrogen peroxide yield of the cathode did not decay after 10 times reuse. With the Pt anode at a ferrous ion concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, a pH of 3, and using magnetic stirring, dye decolorization could be rapidly accomplished but the destruction of benzene rings and intermediates was fairly di cult. With a Fe anode, dye degradation was more complete.     

SiO2气凝胶隔热性能的影响因素研究

目的 在不同热流条件下,通过调整SiO2气凝胶的孔隙率、涂层厚度等,以满足合适的隔热要求。方法 针对中短程飞行器飞行时外壁面承受短时高热流的特点,在分析孔隙率对SiO2气凝胶热导率影响规律的基础上,通过数值仿真研究不同气凝胶孔隙率、气凝胶厚度及热流作用下的温度响应。结果 得到了不同条件下满足隔热要求的气凝胶最小厚度,以及气凝胶表面的最高温度。高温情况下,气凝胶孔隙率为96%时,有效热导率最低,孔隙率超过96%时,隔热性能变差。结论 当飞行器内壁面温度满足要求时,增大气凝胶的孔隙率,则需要减小气凝胶的厚度,相应的气凝胶表面温度会升高,但升幅很小。当飞行器外壁面承受长时间大热流时,仅调整气凝胶的厚度和孔隙率不能达到结构的隔热要求。     

环境生物膜中的汞甲基化

汞是严重危害食品安全及人体健康的全球性重金属污染物,揭示具有强生物毒性的甲基汞的生成和累积机制是汞污染研究领域的热点和难点。生物膜中无机汞的甲基化是环境中甲基汞污染的主要来源和甲基汞进入食物链的起点,但是目前学术界对汞甲基化机制的认知多基于浮游态纯菌实验,无法准确模拟生物膜中汞的甲基化过程。本文从生物膜中汞甲基化的生化分子路径、无机汞的化学形态和甲基化微生物的活性这三个决定汞甲基化过程的关键因素出发,详细阐述了目前生物膜中汞甲基化的研究现状、存在问题以及拟解决问题的技术手段,并对未来在该领域的研究工作进行了展望。生物膜中汞甲基化机制的研究可为深入理解甲基汞的环境累积过程,提高汞污染风险分析的准确性,开发有效的汞污染风险防控技术提供科学依据和数据支撑。     

循环流化床锅炉低NOx燃烧环保改造

循环流化床锅炉具有低NOx燃烧的特性,但随着环保要求的不断提高,大部分此种类型锅炉已不能满足现行排放标准,需对原锅炉进行改造。考虑到循环流化床锅炉的结构特点,不适宜进行SCR改造,采用SNCR工艺需具备相应的温度窗口,并且增加还原剂的物料消耗,因此,利用循环流化床炉自身的特点进行局部改造,达到低NOx燃烧的目的,成为一种经济的研究方向。根据某循环流化床锅炉的改造实例探讨具体改造方案及最终效果,提出一种有效的循环流化床锅炉低NOx改造思路。     

基于改进支持向量回归机的污水处理厂出水总氮预测模型

在小样本数据的情况下,采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)对传统支持向量回归机(SVR)进行改进,将其应用于北京某大型污水处理厂出水总氮浓度预测上。 预测结果精度对比分析表明,PSO-SVR模型预测结果平均相对误差为1.836%,决定系数为67.76%,均方根误差为0.693 9,各评价指标均优于多元线性回归模型、BP神经网络模型。因此在小样本情况下,利用PSO-SVR模型对污水处理厂出水总氮浓度进行预测是可行有效的,为应用数据驱动模型对污水处理过程进行建模模拟提供了一种新方法尝试。     

生物炭负载γ-MnO2纳米复合材料活化过一硫酸盐降解对氯苯酚的性能及机理

采用水热法合成了4种不同晶相结构MnO₂及生物炭负载γ-MnO₂复合纳米材料,并对其活化过硫酸盐(PMS)降解4-CP的性能进行了研究。采用XRD、SEM、EDS以及XRF等手段对不同复合纳米材料进行了表征分析,发现仅有γ-MnO₂成功负载到生物炭材料表面形成γ-MnO₂@BC复合纳米材料。在优化条件下,γ-MnO₂@BC活化PMS体系能在20 min内将10 mg·L⁻¹对氯苯酚完全降解。γ-MnO₂@BC对H₂PO₄⁻之外的阴离子均表现出较强的抗干扰性。采用自由基捕获及电子自旋共振波谱(ESR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段研究了该复合纳米材料活化PMS降解污染物的机理。结果表明,γ-MnO₂@BC活化PMS产生的活性氧物种为单线态氧,并发现Mn(III)与Mn(IV)的比值是影响不同晶相二氧化锰催化性能的主要因素。     

RTV涂层表面憎水分布对其防污闪性能的影响

通过在玻璃绝缘子上配置不同的 RTV 涂层方式,模拟涂覆了 RTV 涂层的绝缘子表面各种憎水性分布情况,进行短时污秽耐受试验和人工污秽闪络试验,研究 RTV 涂层表面憎水性分布不均对其防污闪性能的影响。研究结果表明:当涂覆有 RTV 涂料的绝缘子表面憎水性分布不均时,其污闪电压严重下降。绝缘子下表面涂层的憎水性对绝缘子防污闪能力影响尤为显著。