论环境监测站在污染源监测中的作用

对环保局所属监测站在污染源监测管理中的作用、监测市场化运作及地位与作为等方面进行了探讨。     

用直接加热代替水浴加热测定高锰酸盐指数

在地表水高锰酸盐指数酸性法分析中,通过对2种加热方法的实验对比,结果表明,直接加热法具有省时、省力,且精密度、准确度均能满足环境监测规范要求等优点,特别适用于大批量样品分析。     

A Routing and Scheduling System for Infectious Waste Collection

Most hospitals and clinics in Taiwan do not have on-site treatment facilities for their infectious waste and must rely on outside agencies for their collection and treatment. The problem of optimally routing and scheduling the collection of medical waste from a disperse group of facilities is recognized as a periodic vehicle routing problem. This study develops a computer system to solve the resulting optimization problem based on a two-phased approach proposed earlier. The first phase solves a standard vehicle routing problem to determine a set of individual routes for the collection vehicles. The second phase uses a mixed integer programming method to assign routes to particular days of the week. The computer system is user-friendly and consists of several Visual Basic programs while the geographical information system is incorporated to facilitate input and output interface and database management. An illustrative example for the infectious waste of 348 hospitals in the Tainan City area demonstrates the effectiveness of the system.     

Spatial distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from typical oil-sewage irrigation area, Northeast China

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems in India, affecting health of thousands of 'urban' residents residing in mega cities. The need of the day is to evolve an 'effective' and 'efficient' air quality management plan (AQMP) encompassing the essential 'key players' and 'stakeholders.' This paper describes the formulation of an AQMP for mega cities like Delhi in India taking into account the aforementioned key 'inputs.' The AQMP formulation methodology is based on past studies of Longhurst et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 30, 3975-3985, 1996); Longhurst & Elsom, ((1997). Air Pollution-II, Vol. 2 (pp. 525-532)) and Beatti et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1479-1490, 2001). Further, the vulnerability analysis (VA) has been carried out to evaluate the stresses due to air pollution in the study area. The VA has given the vulnerability index (VI) of 'medium to high' and 'low' at urban roadways/intersections and residential areas, respectively.     

A phycocyanin probe as a tool for monitoring cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies

In many countries, the presence of cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies used for both drinking water and recreational purposes is under increasing public health attention. Water managers are considering how to implement monitoring that leads to a minimization of the risks incurred by the users of potentially contaminated sites. To address this question, this study involved assessing the performance of a submersible probe for measuring phycocyanin-specific fluorescence as a function of cyanobacterial biomass, with the aim of applying it as a tool for surveillance management. Its advantages and limits compared to more traditional analyses are discussed. The monitoring of cyanobacteria in the water bodies of western France was carried out using a minifluorimeter specific to the fluorescence of phycocyanin, a pigment specific to cyanobacteria. The results are compared with the analyses recommended by the World Health Organisation (chlorophyll a and cell counting). This study based on nearly 800 samples shows a significant correlation between the phycocyanin content and the cyanobacterial biomass, expressed as the number of cells per mL (R2 = 0.73). This submersible probe is simple and rapid to use, making it possible to take into account horizontal and vertical heterogeneities in the proliferation growth. In this way, we are able to detect at an early stage the conditions that could potentially lead to a risk, in order to start sampling. Due to its sensitivity, this tool proves suitable for monitoring aimed at reducing the risks incurred by the users of contaminated sites and launching preventative actions. The use of the phycocyanin probe provides an effective tool to complement traditional analyses of cyanobacterial presence. It is suggested that a surveillance protocol based on phycocyanin concentration can significantly improved the accuracy of the extent of cyanobacterial bloom development in the light of spatial and temporal variabilities associated with these occurrences.     

The impact of watershed delineation on hydrology and water quality simulation

Flood routing is a significant calculation for predicting watershed responses, involving discharge and pollutant exports. The computation of flow routing is highly relative to the relationship between downstream and upstream subbasins. A watershed could always be divided into several subbasins based on its topography and stream distribution. How detailed of the delineation of the stream distribution in a watershed would influence the modeling accuracy of flow routing and the prediction of watershed responses. The objective of this work was to discuss the effect of watershed delineation on runoff and pollutant transport predictions. When the number of divided subbasins increases, the stream distribution could be delineated more clearly. The case area was usually regarded as two subbasins only. In the present study, the case area was divided into 43, 25, 15 and 9 subbasins respectively. If the modeling result under 43 subdivisions is assumed to be the actual situation, the relative error of runoff simulation due to the simplified delineation of stream distribution is only around 25% in two subdivisions. However, the relative error of suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and orthophosphate (Orth-P) simulation can reach 85%, 71 and 70% in two subdivisions respectively. The uncertainties or errors induced by too much simplification of watershed delineation could be carried over and amplified to the pollutant transport process and the modeling results of pollutant exports.     

Optimal strategies for best management practice placement in a synthetic watershed

It is significant to arrange suitable design and placement of best management practices (BMPs) for reaching the aim that can not only satisfy environmental quality standards, but also decrease the total cost of BMPs. This study applied WinVAST model to predict watershed responses. The objective of this work was to discuss both the economic costs and benefits of BMPs and the control efficiency of discharge and pollutant exports, and to create some suitable standards for the optimal BMPs placement strategies. It is significant to find an optimal number and location of BMPs. In the case study herein, the number of BMPs including a detention pond and a grassy swale would be better to be given by four. The number of BMPs should also be determined by the environmental standards. Moreover, the result shows that the optimal location of BMPs placement is in the downstream area near the outlet and on the mainstream of the catchment. When the BMPs are set in these regions, it cannot only reduce the peak flow and peak pollutant exports, but also have slow time to peak watershed responses.     

Dynamic extreme values modeling and monitoring by means of sea shores water quality biomarkers and valvometry

Water quality can be evaluated using biomarkers such as tissular enzymatic activities of endemic species. Measurement of molluscs bivalves activity at high frequency (e.g., valvometry) during a long time period is another way to record the animal behavior and to evaluate perturbations of the water quality in real time. As the pollution affects the activity of oysters, we consider the valves opening and closing velocities to monitor the water quality assessment. We propose to model the huge volume of velocity data collected in the framework of valvometry using a new nonparametric extreme values statistical model. The objective is to estimate the tail probabilities and the extreme quantiles of the distribution of valve closing velocity. The tail of the distribution function of valve closing velocity is modeled by a Pareto distribution with parameter ??_t,τ, beyond a threshold τ according to the time t of the experiment. Our modeling approach reveals the dependence between the specific activity of two enzymatic biomarkers (Glutathione-S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase) and the continuous recording of oyster valve velocity, proving the suitability of this tool for water quality assessment. Thus, valvometry allows in real-time in situ analysis of the bivalves behavior and appears as an effective early warning tool in ecological risk assessment and marine environment monitoring.     

环境监测机构垂直管理实施过程中的问题探析

简述了环境监测垂直管理改革的重要性和紧迫性,分析了环境监测垂直管理的意义和内涵,提出了垂直管理需要把握的原则,对环境监测机构垂直管理实施过程中值得注意的问题进行了探讨。指出垂直管理改革在解决数据行政干预的同时,应正视由此带来的不利因素,特别要避免新型干预的形成;建议连带解决环境监测工作固有的矛盾和问题,使环境监测垂直管理改革产生实实在在的成效。