桩基础影响下既有地铁隧道截面内力计算研究∗

城市已建地铁隧道的保护是目前市政建设中需要考虑的重要问题之一,针对非挤土桩和挤土桩两种桩型新建桩基础影响下既有地铁隧道的截面内力计算展开研究。采用"二阶段"法研究思想,首先基于桩基础荷载传递法、Mindlin位移解及柱孔扩张理论,分别计算得到非挤土桩和挤土桩在隧道截面位置处产生的土体位移。之后,将隧道衬砌简化为环形弹性地基梁模型,同时考虑土体抗力的影响,并将土体位移施加到环形地基梁模型,从而得到2种桩型引起的隧道衬砌截面的内力分布。研究过程中将理论结果与既有土工离心机试验进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:①计算方法得到的衬砌内力与既有文献土工离心式试验值差别不大且趋势一致,验证了计算方法的合理性;②挤土桩施工引起的隧道弯矩最大值增量远大于非挤土桩在极限荷载时的增量;③隧道截面弯矩最大值位置与桩端-隧道圆心相对位置有直接关系,大约位于桩端-隧道圆心连线相交处。     

Evaluation of Carbon Uptake and Emissions by Forests in Korea During the Last Thirty Years (1973–2002)

The contribution of Korean forests to carbon sequestration for anthropogenic carbon emissions was evaluated. In addition, monitoring of carbon species released from forest fires was conducted. Despite a high carbon uptake by Korean forests, a tremendous increase in fossil fuel burning resulted in a small contribution by forests to carbon removal. The removal efficiency had a 5–31% range with an average of 12% during the period 1973–2002. In 2000, the amount of carbon released from burned trees corresponded to 1.6% of carbon uptake by forests. The distribution of surface CO concentration (ppb) derived from MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere) showed high CO levels over the East/Japan Sea on April 10, 2000 when the largest forest fires occurred along the east coast of Korea. Trajectory analysis and ground CO measurements also indicated that CO levels over the East/Japan Sea were influenced by forest fires. This study suggests that continuous monitoring of carbon emissions from forest fires is needed for a more reliable estimate of carbon flux in the environment.     

复合污染状态下尾矿区有害化学品的迁移研究

用混合尾矿浆及尾矿渣淋溶柱,研究选矿药剂在尾矿渣及尾矿废水中的静态分布及其淋溶作用,结果表明:①选矿药剂对整个尾矿区都污染,即使是水溶性好的药剂,它们在尾矿渣中的静态分布也占有相当的比例,油溶性好的药剂多存在于尾矿渣中,尾矿污染为多种药剂的复合污染,各种药剂在尾矿渣及尾矿废水中的总浓度成倍加大;②用尾矿渣淋溶柱测得单一药剂的淋溶值:25号黑药>MIBC> CN->二号油>乙基黄药>丁基黄药>Y-89黄药.但多种药剂复合污染时,药剂的淋溶距离明显加大,其中CN-和Y-89黄药加大近一倍.复合药剂污染加大药剂的残留期,也加大它们向地下水及其它水源迁移的几率.     

Discovering meaningful information from large amounts of environment and health data to reduce uncertainties in formulating environmental policies

This study uses knowledge discovery concepts to analyze large amounts of data step by step for the purpose of assisting in the formulation of environmental policy. We performed data cleansing and extracting from existing nation-wide databases, and used regression and classification techniques to analyze the data. The current water hardness in Kaohsiung, Taiwan contributes to the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but exacerbates the development of renal stones (RS). However, to focus on water hardness alone to control RS would not be cost effective at all, because the existing database parameters do not adequately allow for a clear understanding of RS. Analysis of huge amounts of data can most often turn up the most reliable and convincing results and the use of existing databases can be cost-effective.     

Assessing Impacts of Typhoons and the Chi-Chi Earthquake on Chenyulan Watershed Landscape Pattern in Central Taiwan Using Landscape Metrics

The Chi-Chi earthquake (M_L = 7.3) occurred in the central part of Taiwan on September 21, 1999. After the earthquake, typhoons Xangsane and Toraji produced heavy rainfall that fell across the eastern and central parts of Taiwan on November 2000 and July 2001. This study uses remote sensing data, landscape metrics, multivariate statistical analysis, and spatial autocorrelation to assess how earthquake and typhoons affect landscape patterns. It addresses variations of the Chenyulan watershed in Nantou County, near the earthquake’s epicenter and crossed by Typhoon Toraji. The subsequent disturbances have gradually changed landscape of the Chenyulan watershed. Disturbances of various types, sizes, and intensities, following various tracks, have various effects on the landscape patterns and variations of the Chenyulan watershed. The landscape metrics that are obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the disturbances produced variously fragmented patches, interspersed with other patches and isolated from patches of the same type across the entire Chenyulan watershed. The disturbances also affected the isolation, size, and shape-complexity of patches at the landscape and class levels. The disturbances at the class level more strongly affected spatial variations in the landscape as well as patterns of grasslands and bare land, than variations in the watershed farmland and forest. Moreover, the earthquake with high magnitude was a starter to create these landscape variations in space in the Chenyulan watershed. The cumulative impacts of the disturbances on the watershed landscape pattern had existed, especially landslides and grassland in the study area, but were not always evident in space and time in landscape and other class levels.     

多功能粉煤灰治理垃圾场渗滤液

以具絮凝、吸附、降解多功能粉煤灰污水处理材料,填充成絮凝沉降降解过滤箱,组合有鼓气、臭氧的连续式5级垃圾场渗滤液集成处理系统。垃圾渗滤液流量、鼓气量、臭氧量分别为40Lh、40L(m3·h)、15mgL的工艺条件下,渗滤液的悬浮物、色度、CODCr、BOD5、氨氮、硫化物等主要污染物指标分别降低93%、90%、96%、92%、86%和92%,达到垃圾场渗滤液二级控制标准。     

玉米浸泡液制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的影响因素研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液为培养基,摇瓶发酵培养苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂,通过一系列单因子试验,考察了不同培养条件(种子液的种龄、接种量、浸泡液的含固率、初始pH值、摇床转速、发酵温度及发酵时间)对苏云金杆菌在玉米浸泡液中的生长(菌数增长与芽孢形成)以及发酵液的生物毒效的影响.研究表明,在最佳摇瓶培养条件(种子液种龄10 h,接种量2%,浸泡液含固量3%,初始pH值7.0～7.5,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵温度30℃)下发酵48 h,活菌数和活芽孢数分别可达到7.9×108 CFU/mL和5.5×108 CFU/mL,毒力效价为698.0 IU/μL.本试验可为生物农药的工业化生产提供实用参数.     

风险管理标准化述评

针对近年来三个重要的风险管理国际标准化文件:Guide 73:2002,澳大利亚的风险管理标准AS/NZS 4360:2004和ISO/CD 31000,以及国际减灾理事会的白皮书,评述了国际标准化文件在风险管理过程环节的基本条款和管理框架.Guide 73指引了风险管理领域最基础的术语,对全球的风险管理制定出通用的语言.它强调对于安全领域,风险管理把焦点放在危害的预防和减轻;AS/NZS 4360明确地确定了相关风险管理的定义,解释了风险管理的程序,重点强调要控制风险产生的后果;ISO/CD 31000聚合了大约26个国家的知识和经验,关注组织建立风险管理流程和不断地进行审评的重要性;IRGC强调群体感知是风险管理的前提,只有当群体认知到可能存在风险时,才会有利于用自己的判断经验去进行风险识别、划分和评价风险,进行风险评估.最后述评了中国风险管理标准化的工作以及在国际风险管理标准化中的贡献.     

煤矿危险源风险预警与控制的研究

根据现代安全管理的理论与方法,结合煤矿人-机-环境特点和不同煤矿事故的发生机理,对煤矿危险源风险预警和控制的基本理论和方法进行了探讨,提出了基于危险源的煤矿风险预警与控制的一般流程,给出煤矿危险源辨识、风险评价、监控和预警的方法,为煤矿安全管理信息系统提供理论基础。     

聚氨酯泡沫材料阴燃发展过程的特性分析

分析对比了相同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料在有氧和无氧气氛下的升温过程,并对不同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料的阴燃传播速度进行研究.结果表明:沿着反应进行的方向,分离点的温度越来越低,不同热流条件下的温度分离曲线斜率在实验稳定发展段的变化规律表现得很相似,并在分离点出现后,有氧气氛中的该位置温度在短时间内急剧上升;在阴燃不稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋的速度小于氧化前锋的速度,在稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋速度与氧化前锋速度近乎相等.