浊度与微生物指标在污水再生处理系统中的去除特性及相关性

本研究考察了污水再生处理系统对颗粒物（包括浊度和粒径分布）和微生物指标（包括隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫、粪大肠菌群和SC噬菌体）的去除特性以及不同指标间的相关关系。研究结果表明,污水再生处理系统对浊度的平均去除率为3.53-log,其中二级生化处理及砂滤对浊度的去除率较高,分别为1.52-log和1.35-log。粒径分析结果表明,絮凝沉淀后粒径均值达到最大值223.2 μm;而再生水中粒径均值最小,仅为5.8 μm。污水再生处理系统对各微生物指标的去除率为2.96-log~4.11-log。各处理单元中,二级生化处理单元对粪大肠菌群和SC噬菌体的去除率较高,分别为2.81-log及2.14-log;而砂滤对SC噬菌体去除效果较差,仅为0.18-log。从再生处理工艺整体上看,水样浊度、粪大肠菌群、SC噬菌体和两虫浓度具有显著相关性。而对于单个取样点,除污水厂进水中 SC噬菌体和两虫浓度表现出一定相关性外,其他情况下各指标与两虫浓度间均无显著相关关系。     

Instantaneous char reaction of biomass particles in a hot gas flow with fluctuating temperature

Char reaction is an important stage of the combustion processes of biomass particles. It dominates the burnout of biomass particles. The instantaneous char reaction processes of biomass particles in a hot gas with temperature fluctuation are studied. Two types of biomass fuels, i.e. pine and thistle, are chosen for the present investigation. The instantaneous mass variations of biomass particles with initial diameters of 100, 200, and 300 μm are calculated under different conditions. The gas temperature fluctuation leads to faster mass loss for both pine and thistle particles. The char reaction of biomass particles is further enhanced by increase in the fluctuation amplitude of gas temperature.     

Enhanced deodorization and sludge reduction in situ by a humus soil cooperated anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) wastewater treatment system

Simultaneous sludge reduction and malodor abatement in humus soil cooperated an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) wastewater treatment were investigated in this study. The HSR-A2O was composed of a humus soil reactor (HSR) and a conventional A2O (designated as C-A2O).The results showed that adding HSR did not deteriorate the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, while total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiency in HSR-A2O was improved by 18 % in comparison with that in the C-A2O. Both processes had good performance on total nitrogen (TN) removal, and there was no significant difference between them (76.8 and 77.1 %, respectively). However, NH₄ ⁺–N and NO₃ ^?–N were reduced to 0.3 and 6.7 mg/L in HSR-A2O compared to 1.5 and 4.5 mg/L. Moreover, adding HSR induced the sludge reduction, and the sludge production rate was lower than that in the C-A2O. The observed sludge yield was estimated to be 0.32 kg MLSS/day in HSR-A2O, which represent a 33.5 % reduction compared to a C-A2O process. Activated sludge underwent humification and produced more humic acid in HSR-A2O, which is beneficial to sludge reduction. Odor abatement was achieved in HSR-A2O, ammonium (NH₃), and sulfuretted hydrogen (H₂S) emission decreased from 1.34 and 1.33 to 0.06 mg/m³, 0.025 mg/m³ in anaerobic area, with the corresponding reduction efficiency of 95.5 and 98.1 %. Microbial community analysis revealed that the relevant microorganism enrichment explained the reduction effect of humus soil on NH₃ and H₂S emission. The whole study demonstrated that humus soil enhanced odor abatement and sludge reduction in situ.     

Spatiotemporal distribution of water environmental capacity—a case study on the western areas of Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province,China

Currently, the poor water quality in Taihu Lake is a major problem in China, so pollution control in the upstream areas has become a government priority. In Jiangsu Province, pollution emissions around the western areas of Taihu Lake, including Changzhou Municipality and Yixing City, need to be highly restricted, and calculating the water environmental capacity is important if pollution is to be reduced. In this study, 19 control units in these areas were established, and a 0-D mathematical model was used to calculate the water environmental capacity. For three important control units with important cross sections, a 1-D model was established to redress the results. Finally, the total maximum monthly loads of each control unit were obtained using temporal allocation principles. The results suggested that (1) the total pollution control of chemical oxygen demand was 58,894.2 tonnes per annum (t a^?1), with ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus amounting to 3,808, 6,054.6, and 386.6 t a^?1, respectively; (2) water environmental capacity per unit water area in the ambient control units was smaller than that in the middle control units; and (3) the largest water environmental capacity was in June, and the smallest capacity was in December. The study provides important information for local governments, which will enable them to implement pollution control strategies that will improve the water quality in Taihu Lake.     

Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

含铬浸出渣调质解毒规律研究

为了研究含铬浸出渣的调质解毒机理,建立了CaO-MgO-FeO-Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3-Cr2O3七元渣系活度模型,基于共存理论的活度模型得出了铬渣中主要组分及复合氧化物在不同条件下的活度。所得的结果表明,铬渣中Cr2O3主要形成了Na2Cr2O4和CaCr2O4,这两种复合氧化物不稳定,在自然环境中分别会被氧化为水溶性的铬酸钠(Na2CrO4)和酸溶性的铬酸钙(CaCrO4),释放出具有强毒性的Cr(Ⅵ),是造成铬污染的主要原因。温度、碱度以及渣中FeO含量都能影响渣系组分的活度。在1700K下,将铬渣碱度调至1.14,并加入30%的FeO能够使Cr2O3的有效固定率提高至88.2%,基本实现了铬渣的解毒。     

机动车氮氧化物污染现状与减排措施

汽车尾气对空气的污染越来越严重,影响人们的健康生活,破坏生态环境。机动车尾气中的氮氧化物是大气污染的主要污染物之一,采取有效措施减少机动车氮氧化物排放对于空气质量的改善具有重要意义。     

天津台网噪声影响下实际监测能力及优化布局

本文针对天津台网所有台站,抽取一天24个小时的波形资料,通过计算得到各台站的噪声水平。在台网监测能力计算中加入相应噪声水平,从而得到噪声影响下的台网的监测能力为天津市区ml1.0,东部沿海监测能力为ml2.0,北部山区监测能力为ml2.3。即是台网的实际运行、工作中的监测能力。     

发展民生科技,推动和谐社区建设——空巢老人社区关爱守望体系的研究与实践

1响应"老有所养"政策的思考自党的十六届四中全会《中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定》中"构建社会主义和谐社会"概念的首次完整提出以来,积极建设和谐社会的实践工作已经在社会广泛开展并取得了轰轰烈烈的成果。"和谐"二字已化为春雨,细密无声地渗透进我