葡萄酒副产品深度利用的研究进展

介绍了葡萄皮渣、葡萄籽、酒脚的深度利用途径：葡萄皮渣可用于酿酒、酿醋、提取色素和多酚、吸附重金属;葡萄籽可以提取葡萄籽油、葡萄籽蛋白和抗氧化物质;酒脚可以提取酒石酸盐。开展葡萄酒副产品的深度利用,不仅可以获得良好的经济效益,而且可有效减轻环保压力,获得巨大的社会效益。     

基于代谢组学技术分析磷酸三苯酯诱导斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的分子机制

磷酸三苯酯(TPhP)是广泛存在于环境介质和生物体内的一种典型有机磷阻燃剂。为探求TPhP诱发水生动物发育毒性的分子机制,本研究以斑马鱼为模式动物,将发育至2.5 hpf (hours post fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎暴露于0.0025、0.1、1、10、100和1 000μg·L~(-1)TPhP溶液至7 dpf (days post fertilization),考察斑马鱼胚胎生长发育指标和线粒体功能的变化,通过代谢组学分析揭示相关分子机制。结果表明,环境相关浓度(0.0025、0.1和1μg·L~(-1)) TPhP对斑马鱼胚胎发育无显著影响,但是轻微干扰了斑马鱼的代谢过程。100和1 000μg·L~(-1)TPhP暴露引起斑马鱼心跳速率、孵化率和线粒体膜电位明显下调,畸形率分别增加6.8倍和12.5倍,死亡率分别增加7.2倍和16.5倍。代谢组学分析发现,10、100和1 000μg·L~(-1)TPhP显著抑制斑马鱼氨基酸代谢,降低缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸水平,抑制氨酰-tRNA生物合成过程;同时引起葡萄糖糖酵解过程和三羧酸循环发生障碍。氨基酸和糖代谢异常可能是TPhP引起斑马鱼发育畸形的主要原因,线粒体功能紊乱可能是TPhP诱发三羧酸循环障碍的原因。上述研究结果为TPhP发育毒性机制分析提供了新思路。     

不同状态下的同一污泥胞外聚合物提取方法研究

以由厌氧污泥向好氧污泥转变前后2种不同状态下的污泥为研究对象,采用5种不同方法对污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)进行了提取实验。实验结果表明,NaOH法提取的EPS含量最高,但会导致胞内物质泄漏。CER和离心提取法较温和,但EPS产量不高。甲醛-NaOH和H2SO4法提取的EPS含量较高,且无大量细胞自溶发生,是有效的EPS提取方法。厌氧污泥转变为好氧污泥后蛋白质/多糖(PN/PS)比例有所增加,表明EPS各组分含量发生改变。红外分析表明厌氧污泥转变为好氧污泥前后EPS中主要组成成分没有发生改变,但各成分含量有所增加,特征明显的峰表明EPS中存在蛋白质、多聚糖。     

医疗废弃物焚烧挥发性氯含量与热值测试与估算

通过测定上海某医疗废弃物处置公司设定燃烧工况条件下某时间段内烟气中HC l的平均排放速率,估算出上海地区医疗垃圾废物中的可燃烧转化氯含量在2.33%~2.64%左右;通过测定各较小采样时间段(2 m in)的烟气HC l浓度测定发现批次进料造成烟气中HC l浓度近4倍的波动,通过初步的热平衡估算得到医疗废弃物的热值大致在21.8 M J/kg,得到的结果可为我国医疗废弃物的焚烧工艺设计提供基础依据。     

Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics in outdoor and indoor environments of Nanchang, China, during summer 2009

A study of carbonaceous aerosol was initiated in Nanchang, a city in eastern China, for the first time. Daily and diurnal (daytime and nighttime) PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or =2.5 microm) samples were collected at an outdoor site and in three different indoor environments (common office, special printing and copying office, and student dormitory) in a campus of Nanchang University during summer 2009 (5-20 June). Daily PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or =10 microm) samples were collected only at the outdoor site, whereas PM2.5 samples were collected at both indoor and outdoor sites. Loaded PM2.5 and PM10 samples were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) by thermal/optical reflectance following the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments-Advanced (IMPROVE-A) protocol. Ambient mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nanchang were compared with the air quality standards in China and the United States, and revealed high air pollution levels in Nanchang. PM2.5 accounted for about 70% of PM10, but the ratio of OC and EC in PM2.5 to that in PM10 was higher than 80%, which indicated that OC and EC were mainly distributed in the fine particles. The variations of carbonaceous aerosol between daytime and nighttime indicated that OC was released and formed more rapidly in daytime than in nighttime. OC/EC ratios were used to quantify secondary organic carbon (SOC). The differences in SOC and SOC/OC between daytime and nighttime were useful in interpreting the secondary formation mechanism. The results of (1) OC and EC contributions to PM2.5 at indoor sites and the outdoor site; (2) indoor-outdoor correlation of OC and EC; (3) OC-EC correlation; and (4) relative contributions of indoor and outdoor sources to indoor carbonaceous aerosol indicated that OC indoor sources existed in indoor sites, with the highest OC emissions in I2 (the special printing and copying office), and that indoor EC originated from outdoor sources. The distributions of eight carbon fractions in emissions from the printer and copier showed obviously high OC1 (>20%) and OC2 (approximately 30%), and obviously low EC1-OP (a pyrolyzed carbon fraction) (<10%), when compared with other sources.     

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in coastal water of the Bohai Bay, China: impacts of river discharge and aquaculture activities

The presence of 21 antibiotics in six different groups was investigated in coastal water of the Bohai Bay. Meantime, to illuminate the potential effects caused by the river discharge and aquaculture activities, wastewater from three breeding plants and surface water from six rivers flowing into the Bohai Bay were also analyzed for the selected antibiotics. The result revealed that measured antibiotics in the North Bobai Bay were generally higher than those in the South, highlighting the remarkable effects of high density of human activities on the exposure of antibiotics in environment. The antibiotics found in the six rivers were generally higher than those in the Bohai Bay reflecting the important antibiotics source of river discharge. This study reveals that the high consumption of some antibiotics in aquaculture activities may pose high ecological risk to the bay.     

A2/O-MBR工艺处理印染废水中试研究

将平板微滤膜与A2/O工艺结合构建了A2/O-MBR中试系统,探讨了中试系统处理印染废水的效果及稳定性.结果表明,水解酸化可提高印染废水的可生化性,对COD平均去除率达到了43%.系统处理效果稳定,在最佳工况下COD、NH3-H和TN的去除率分别为88%、98%和80%.     

La-Ce-attapulgite催化分解NO的研究

采用化学共混法制备系列La-Ce-attapulgite催化剂,并在固定床反应器中进行NO催化分解性能测试.实验考察了稀土加入量、La/Ce配比、共混液pH值和催化剂的活化煅烧温度等制备条件对催化剂脱硝性能的影响.结果表明:稀土加入量为2%,共混液pH=7,La/Ce比值为LaxCe(1-x)(x=0.5),煅烧温度4...     

抗高温环保钻井液体系研究

文章选择清洁环保的钻井液处理剂进行抗高温钻井液体系实验研究与评价,对包被增粘剂、降失水剂等进行优选,对抗高温环保钻井液配方进行评价,研究出无毒、无害,抗温能力强、流变性好,失水较低的钻井液体系,现场应用满足高温深井的钻井生产要求。     

Effectiveness of protected areas for vertebrates based on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity

Establishing protected areas is the primary goal and tool for preventing irreversible biodiversity loss. However, the effectiveness of protected areas that target specific species has been questioned for some time because targeting key species for conservation may impair the integral regional pool of species diversity and phylogenetic and functional diversity are seldom considered. We assessed the efficacy of protected areas in China for the conservation of phylogenetic diversity based on the ranges and phylogenies of 2279 terrestrial vertebrates. Phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity were strongly and positively correlated, and only 12.1–43.8% of priority conservation areas are currently protected. However, the patterns and coverage of phylogenetic diversity were affected when weighted by species richness. These results indicated that in China, protected areas targeting high species richness protected phylogenetic diversity well overall but failed to do so in some regions with more unique or threatened communities (e.g., coastal areas of eastern China, where severely threatened avian communities were less protected). Our results suggest that the current distribution of protected areas could be improved, although most protected areas protect both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity.