Multi-stage optimal design for groundwater remediation: A hybrid bi-level programming approach

This paper presents the development of a hybrid bi-level programming approach for supporting multi-stage groundwater remediation design. To investigate remediation performances, a subsurface model was employed to simulate contaminant transport. A mixed-integer nonlinear optimization model was formulated in order to evaluate different remediation strategies. Multivariate relationships based on a filtered stepwise clustering analysis were developed to facilitate the incorporation of a simulation model within a nonlinear optimization framework. By using the developed statistical relationships, predictions needed for calculating the objective function value can be quickly obtained during the search process. The main advantage of the developed approach is that the remediation strategy can be adjusted from stage to stage, which makes the optimization more realistic. The proposed approach was examined through its application to a real-world aquifer remediation case in western Canada. The optimization results based on this application can help the decision makers to comprehensively evaluate remediation performance.     

活性污泥总DNA提取方法的比较

从处理某制药废水的MBR反应器中采集活性污泥,评价不同DNA提取方法对其总DNA提取效率的影响。DNA提取分细胞裂解和DNA纯化2步,对细胞裂解比较了珠磨匀浆法、反复冻融法、十二烷基磺酸钠（sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）裂解法等7种方法;对DNA纯化比较了酚/氯仿纯化法和胶回收纯化法。结果表明,SDS裂解法、酚氯仿纯化法最优。通过条件优化实验,确定SDS裂解酚/氯仿纯化法在污泥量1.1 g,10 000 r/min离心5 min的操作条件下,获得的DNA产量（10 774 μg/g泥重）和纯度（OD₂₆₀∶OD₂₈₀=1.84）等综合指标最好。     

Spatially differentiated and source-specific population exposure to ambient urban air pollution

Models assessing exposure to air pollution often focus on macro-scale estimates of exposure to all types of sources for a particular pollutant across an urban study area. While results based on these models may aid policy makers in identifying larger areas of elevated exposure risk, they often do not differentiate the proportion of population exposure attributable to different polluting sources (e.g. traffic or industrial). In this paper, we introduce a population exposure modeling system that integrates air dispersion modeling, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and population exposure techniques to spatially characterize a source-specific exposure to ambient air pollution for an entire urban population at a fine geographical scale. By area, total population exposure in Dallas County in 2000 was more attributable to vehicle polluting sources than industrial polluting sources at all levels of exposure. Population exposure was moderately correlated with vehicle sources (r = 0.440, p < 0.001) and weakly with industrial sources (r = 0.069, p = 0.004). Population density was strongly correlated with total exposure (r = 0.896, p < 0.001) but was not significantly correlated with individual or combined sources. The results of this study indicate that air quality assessments must incorporate more than industrial or vehicle polluting sources-based population exposure values alone, but should consider multiple sources. The population exposure modeling system proposed in this study shows promise for use by municipal authorities, policy makers, and epidemiologists in evaluating and controlling the quality of the air in the process of urban planning and mitigation measures.     

PACT工艺处理PAM生产废水的实验研究

采用粉末活性炭活性污泥工艺(PACT)处理经凹凸棒土预处理后的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)生产废水。实验考察了粉末活性炭(PAC)的投加对活性污泥处理系统的影响,并探讨了PAC投加量、曝气时间、水力停留时间等参数对降解反应的影响。结果表明:PAC的投加能提高水中溶解氧的利用率,改善污泥沉降性能,增强活性污泥系统对有机物的去除效果;在PAC投加量500 mg/L、曝气10 h的条件下,PACT工艺对PAM生产废水的处理效果良好,COD的去除率为80.8%,BOD5去除率为83.8%,丙烯酰胺(AM)去除率为84.2%。     

中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NO_x排放特征分析

以86台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉(≤65 MW)的燃料特性分析数据和NOx排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤挥发分、燃煤氮含量对NOx排放浓度的影响,分析了我国中小型燃烟煤层燃炉NOx的排放与管理控制现状。结果表明,中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx平均排放浓度为324.6 mg/m3;锅炉出力对NOx排放浓度不具有显著影响;燃煤挥发分增高,NOx排放浓度降低;过量空气系数和燃煤氮含量增大,NOx排放浓度增高;并建议在国家层面上尽快制订燃煤锅炉NOx排放标准限值。     

剩余污泥超声预处理后水解酸化特性

为探讨剩余污泥超声预处理后的水解酸化特性,考察了0.6 W/mL、5 min和1 W/mL、5 min 2种超声预处理条件下污泥水解酸化过程有机质、氮、磷的释放情况。实验结果表明,2种超声预处理均可促进污泥水解酸化,并且0.6 W/mL比1 W/mL的超声预处理更有利于SCOD的释放、VFAs的产生以及氮和磷的释放;水解酸化初期,超声预处理比未经超声预处理的污泥在有机质、氮、磷释放率上差异非常明显,随着水解酸化的进行,有机质和氮释放率差异仍很明显,而磷释放程度逐渐接近;经0.6 W/mL超声预处理,污泥水解酸化3 d后,SCOD释放率、VFAs浓度、TN释放率和NH4+-N释放率分别是未经处理污泥的1.85、2.63、1.85和1.41倍,而TP和PO43--P释放率较未经处理污泥仅分别多2.44和1.23个百分点。研究表明,控制适宜的声能密度、超声时间和水解酸化进程是超声预处理强化剩余污泥水解酸化效果的关键。     

“限废令”孕育一个“朝阳产业”

2009年2月25日．国务院总理温家宝签署第551号令,公布《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》,自2011年1月1日起施行。一石激起千层浪,曾一度喧嚣一度蛰伏的废弃电器电子产品回收处理话题再次成为人们关注的热点,有专家认为,《条例》有望孕育一个“朝阳产业”,也为我国电子垃圾处理迎来了黄金发展期,尤其是在资源有效利用和建设人与自然和谐发展中,显得更加紧迫、更加重要。     

Species- and tissue-specific accumulation of Dechlorane Plus in three terrestrial passerine bird species from the Pearl River Delta, South China

Little data is available on the bioaccumulation of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in terrestrial organisms. Three terrestrial passerine bird species, light-vented bulbul, long-tailed shrike, and oriental magpie-robin, were collected from rural and urban sites in the Pearl River Delta to analyze for the presence of DP and its dechlorinated products in muscle and liver tissues. The relationships between trophic level and concentration and isomeric composition of DP in birds were also investigated based on stable nitrogen isotope analysis. DP levels had a wide range from 3.9 to 930 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in muscle and from 7.0 to 1300 ng g⁻¹ lw in liver. Anti-Cl₁₁-DP and syn-Cl₁₁-DP, two dechlorinated products of DP, were also detected in bird samples with concentrations ranged between not detected (nd)-41 and nd-7.6 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively. DP preferentially accumulated in liver rather than in muscle for all three bird species. Birds had significantly higher concentrations of DP in urban sites than in rural sites (mean, 300 vs 73 ng g⁻¹ lw). The fractions of anti-DP (f_anti) were higher in birds collected in rural sites than in urban sites. Significant positive correlation between DP levels and δ¹⁵N values but significant negative correlation between f_anti and δ¹⁵N values were found for birds in both urban and rural sites, indicating that trophic level of birds play an important role in determining DP level and isomeric profile.     

常压制备秸秆活性炭对水溶液中磷元素的吸附

开发了非真空制备秸秆活性炭的新方法,以稻草秸秆为原料,醋酸钙和氯化锌为活化剂,经热处理,一步合成改性秸秆活性炭。XRD图谱显示,产物为碳酸钙改性活性炭;SEM和TEM的表征结果显示,该活性炭具有微米-纳米多维孔结构,碳酸钙颗粒均匀分布在活性炭的表面和基体中;BET比表面积实验测得不同浓度碳酸钙改性活性炭的比表面积在324~846 m2/g之间。含磷水溶液吸附实验表明,当改性活性炭中碳酸钙含量为1.5%时,活性炭具有最大吸附速率1.76 L/mg;碳酸钙含量为2.0%时,活性炭具有最大吸附容量3.21 mg/g。改性活性炭对磷元素的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,说明改性活性炭对磷的吸附为单分子层吸附。     

TiO2镀膜电极光电催化降解酸性紫红

采用溶胶-凝胶法在钛片上涂覆TiO2薄膜为电极,自行设计组装光电催化反应器,对酸性紫红染料废水进行光电脱色处理,探讨了光电反应的协同性并研究了初始染料浓度、电压、pH和电解质浓度对脱色反应的影响。结果表明,光化学催化和电化学氧化具有协同效应,单一紫外光催化和单一电催化酸性紫红的脱色率分别为44.27%和13.12%,而光电催化(紫外、外加电压10 V)的脱色率达到77.18%。初始浓度较低、电压适中、pH偏碱性时,酸性紫红废水脱色率较高;电解质对脱色反应有促进作用,且浓度越高,酸性紫红脱色率越高。