旋转流厌氧附着膜膨胀床运行及水力流态研究

试验以树脂为载体,用自行设计的旋转流厌氧附着膜嘭胀床处理高浓度有机废水.经过启动、中等负荷稳定运行及高负荷稳定运行等阶段,成功地培养出高效生物膜颗粒,最高有机负荷达46.4 kg/(m3·d).相应的COD去除率大于80%.在反应器运行过程中采用脉冲示踪法,以LiCl作示踪剂,对反应器的水力流态规律进行了系统的试验研究.研究表明,水力上升流速及气体负荷是影响反应器容积利用率及反应器内固液两相混合程度的重要因素.     

混凝土生态膜法污水处理工艺生物相及其水处理实验研究

研究了混凝土生态膜污水处理工艺的循环挂膜过程.综合考察了混凝土膜片表面生物膜的生长变化情况、细菌数量及其微型动物的组成演化.生物膜成熟以后,投加实际生活污水连续运行:COD的平均去除率为76.0%;BOD5平均去除率为94.9%,出水均小于8.00 mg/L;NH3-N的去处理效果明显,第5周达到54.1%,出水可达到广东省一级排放标准中的相关规定.     

Occurrence and risk assessment of currently used organophosphate pesticides in overlying water and surface sediments in Guangzhou urban waterways,China

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are one type of the most massively used pesticides and ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments, which may pose potential risks to the aquatic organisms and human health. In the present study, the spatiotemporal distribution and potential risks of OPPs were investigated in overlying water and surficial sediments from urban waterways of Guangzhou. For all studied sites, in general, four target OPPs (i.e., malathion, chlorpyrifos, terbufos, and diazinon) were present in the overlying water, with malathion and chlorpyrifos as major components. Higher concentrations of the four OPPs were found for the water and sediments collected in the dry season compared to the wet season, possibly because of the dilution effect of heavy rains. The results of Pearson’s analyses and principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) suggested similar sources for target OPPs in the water and sediments across the Guangzhou urban waterways. Potential ecological risks of the OPPs to three representative taxons (algae, aquatic invertebrates, and fish) were evaluated via toxic units (TUs) and risk quotients (RQs), while risk assessment on human health was performed using hazard index (HI). Although TU results showed no acute risks to the aquatic organisms in the overlying water and surface sediments, RQ results of the mixture showed high risks to the aquatic invertebrate and fish in all water samples. Individual HI values and cumulative HI values were on the order of 10^?6–10^?3 for children and adults, suggesting no potential risks to either children or adults through drinking and bathing.

Graphical abstract

     

微泄漏静密封的研制和应用

针对目前国内外密封安全环保问题的严峻性,综合国内外调研情况,研制微泄漏法兰密封组件技术,采用恒应力先进理念设计和材料处理技术,进一步提升微泄漏密封的长期密封可靠性和微泄漏密封性能,结合现场应用和资质认证,通过微泄漏密封技术的应用,提高石化装置的本质安全水平。     

Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO using a spray dryer absorption (SDA) method combined with O3 oxidation for sintering/pelleting flue gas

Based on the demand of sintering/pelleting flue gas ultra-low emission, a semi-dry method using a spray dryer absorber (SDA) combined with O₃ oxidation was proposed for simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO. Effects of O₃ injection site, O₃/NO molar ratio, and spray tower temperature on the removal efficiencies were investigated. It was revealed that both desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies could reach to 85% under the conditions of setting O₃ injection site inside of tower, O₃/NO molar ratio 1.8, spray tower temperature 85°C, Ca/(S + 2 N) molar ratio 2.5 and slurry flow rate 300 mL/hr. CaSO₃/Ca(OH)₂ mixture slurry was used as absorbent to simulate operating conditions in iron and steel industry. The result shows that the addition of CaSO₃ weakens both removal efficiencies. In addition, the reaction mechanism of simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO using SDA combined with O₃ oxidation was proposed.     

Environmental fate and behavior of silver nanoparticles in natural estuarine systems

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in many consumer products, whereas their environmental behaviors in natural aquatic systems remain unknown, especially in natural brackish media. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the environmental fate of AgNPs in natural brackish waters. Here, we investigated the stability of citrate-coated AgNPs in natural brackish water collected from 6 different sites with distinct salinities in the Xinglinwan Reservoir, located in Xiamen City, southeast China. The obtained results showed that AgNP colloids remained stable in low-salinity waters, which was mainly determined by the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) promoting the stability of the nanoparticles. However, the environmental fate of AgNPs in high-salinity waters was dominated by the salinity or ionic strength, especially the free ion concentrations of Cl^?, SO₄^2?, or S^2?, resulting in rapid sedimentation and dissolution. In addition, both DOM and salinity contributed to the environmental behavior of AgNPs in moderate-salinity waters, ultimately resulting in either colloidal stability or sedimentation. Overall, these results may reveal that AgNPs remain relatively stable for a long period in low-salinity natural waters, and that the stability might gradually decrease as AgNPs are transferred from freshwaters through brackish waters and eventually end up in seawater along the bay. Our findings also further indicate that the toxicity and potential risks of AgNPs may present more serious threats to the environment and organisms in natural freshwaters than in natural estuarine systems or seawater.     

PDMDAAC改性膨润土处理染料废水的实验研究

膨润土是一种以蒙脱石为主要成分的粘土,被广泛应用于染料废水脱色、有机废水处理等领域.实验以寻求一种新型水处理剂为目标,采用膨润土为原料,PDMDAAC为改性剂,制备新型改性膨润土——PDMDAAC改性膨润土,并应用于染料废水处理中.PDMDAAC改性膨润土最佳制备条件为改性剂为6 g原土投加量为12 g、改性时间为40 min、改性温度为45℃.单因素实验确定PDMDAAC改性膨润土处理分散深蓝染料废水100 mL的最佳处理工艺条件为:改性膨润土投加量为3 g、pH9、搅拌时间为45 min、搅拌速度250 r/min,分散深蓝染料废水原水浓度为100 mg/L.正交实验对工艺条件进行验证,结果表明:分散深蓝染料废水100 mL,分散深蓝染料废水原水浓度小于150 mg/L,改性膨润土投加量为3 g,搅拌时间60 min,搅拌速率为250 r/min,pH为9,在此基础上进行实验,染料废水脱色率可达98％.     

外浮顶原油储罐VOCs排放核算参数对排放量的影响

依据美国环保署颁布的储罐VOCs排放量核算公式,从环境参数、原油参数和储罐结构参数3个方面对外浮顶储罐VOCs排放的影响进行了研究,其中包括了边缘密封排放挂壁排放、浮盘附件排放和浮盘着陆期间排放等几个相关排放核算数学公式。结果表明:环境风速增大,环境温度升高或太阳辐射强度提高均导致排放量增大;原油温度升高或原油周转量增加也导致排放量增加;储罐直径增加,罐漆颜色浅,或者罐壁锈蚀情况好会降低VOCs排放量。     

In situ monitoring of atmospheric nitrous acid based on multi-pumping flow system and liquid waveguide capillary cell

In the last four decades, various techniques including spectroscopic, wet chemical and mass spectrometric methods, have been developed and applied for the detection of ambient nitrous acid (HONO). We developed a HONO detection system based on long path photometry which consists of three independent modules i.e., sampling module, fluid propulsion module and detection module. In the propulsion module, solenoid pumps are applied. With solenoid pumps the pulsed flow can be computer controlled both in terms of pump stroke volume and pulse frequency, which enables the attainment of a very stable flow rate. In the detection module, a customized Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell (LWCC) is used. The customized LWCC pre-sets the optical fiber in-coupling with the liquid wave guide, providing the option of fast startup and easy maintenance of the absorption photometry. In summer 2014, our system was deployed in a comprehensive campaign at a rural site in the North China Plain. More than one month of high quality HONO data spanning from the limit of detection to 5 ppb were collected. Intercomparison of our system with another established system from Forschungszentrum Juelich is presented and discussed. In conclusion, our instrument achieved a detection limit of 10 pptV within 2 min and a measurement uncertainty of 7%, which is well suited for investigation of the HONO budget from urban to rural conditions in China.     

钻井废水的处理现状与展望

油气井钻探过程中产生大量钻井废水，会对环境产生污染。本文介绍了钻井废水的来源、组成及其对环境的影响，着重介绍了目前钻井废水的处理工艺、方法和处理剂，并对钻井废水处理技术的发展进行了展望。