混合堆肥过程中自由空域(FAS)的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥试验表明:升温期和高温期FAS分别为42.3%、26.2%,在这2个堆肥期内堆体上部的FAS明显高于下部,堆体内的空气能满足微生物的需求;降温期FAS为52.4%,堆体上部的FAS高于中部,中部高于下部,FAS呈明显的层次效应;腐熟期FAS为54.7%,FAS的层次效应减弱,堆体上部和中部的通气性明显好于下部.不同堆肥期剖面上下部FAS的差异由大到小分别为:降温期>高温期>后熟期>升温期;堆体内FAS由高到低为:上部>中部>下部.FAS随时间的变化满足二级反应动力学方程.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from dairy open lot and manure stockpile in northern China: A case study

The open lots and manure stockpiles of dairy farm are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in typical dairy cow housing and manure management system in China. GHG (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) emissions from the ground level of brick-paved open lots and uncovered manure stockpiles were estimated according to the field measurements of a typical dairy farm in Beijing by closed chambers in four consecutive seasons. Location variation and manure removal strategy impacts were assessed on GHG emissions from the open lots. Estimated CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emissions from the ground level of the open lots were 137.5±64.7 kg hd^-1 yr^-1, 0.45±0.21 kg hd^-1 yr^-1 and 0.13±0.08 kg hd^-1 yr^-1, respectively. There were remarkable location variations of GHG emissions from different zones (cubicle zone vs. aisle zone) of the open lot. However, the emissions from the whole open lot were less affected by the locations. After manure removal, lower CH₄ but higher N₂O emitted from the open lot. Estimated CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emissions from stockpile with a stacking height of 55±12 cm were 858.9±375.8 kg hd^-1 yr^-1, 8.5±5.4 kg hd^-1 yr^-1 and 2.3±1.1 kg hd^-1 yr^-1, respectively. In situ storage duration, which estimated by manure volatile solid contents (VS), would affect GHG emissions from stockpiles. Much higher N₂O was emitted from stockpiles in summer due to longer manure storage.

Implications: This study deals with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from open lots and stockpiles. It’s an increasing area of concern in some livestock producing countries. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology is commonly used for estimation of national GHG emission inventories. There is a shortage of on-farm information to evaluate the accuracy of these equations and default emission factors. This work provides valuable information for improving accounting practices within China or for similar manure management practice in other countries.     

烧结机共处置过程中重金属Cd、As的挥发特性研究

选取优级纯化学试剂Cd Cl2和As2S3来模拟危险废物中的重金属,按一定比例将其与烧结矿原料均匀混合后进行共处置煅烧。主要研究了在煅烧过程中Cd和As的挥发规律,同时对煅烧所得烧结矿进行消解实验求得固化的重金属量。实验结果表明,Cd的挥发率随着温度的升高和时间的增加而不断增大,直到达到一个平衡而不再继续增大,对Cd的挥发进行动力学模拟得到挥发率α与煅烧温度T和煅烧时间t的关系式为α=1-exp(-0.669exp(-3567.6/T)t)。而As则呈现出温度越高挥发率越低的规律,当温度为1 200℃时,煅烧75 min后As的挥发率仅为9.8%,即共处置过程中As与烧结矿原料发生化学反应而固化下来,挥发较少,可认为对人体健康和环境造成的危害较小。     

UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺处理高浓度棘白菌素类抗生素发酵废水

采用UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺处理高浓度棘白菌素类抗生素发酵废水。结果表明:UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺较好地实现了高浓度棘白菌素类抗生素发酵废水的强化处理,其处理效果明显优于单独UV_(185 nm)光氧化工艺;在废水pH为2.50、光照时间为60 min、H_2O_2投加量为5 g/L、反应温度为室温的条件下,UV_(185 nm)-H_2O_2组合工艺对废水色度和COD的去除率分别高达96.4%和46.9%;该联合氧化过程需在酸性体系中进行;联合氧化过程中产生了大量蜂王浆提取物类黑褐色物质,处理出水中显色物质的种类明显减少,实现了废水的高效脱色。     

Polyoxometalates for photocatalytic degradation of aqueous dyestuff solutions and quantitative structure–property relationship study on photolysis rate constants

Polyoxometalate, K₆TiW₁₁O₃₉Sn·7H₂O (TiW₁₁Sn), was synthesized and characterized. TiW₁₁Sn and K₆ZrW₁₁O₃₉Sn·12H₂O (ZrW₁₁Sn) were evaluated for their photocatalytic degradation of triarylmethane (brilliant green and acid blue 9), bisazo (C.I. reactive black 5), and monoazo dyestuffs (C.I. reactive red 24, C.I. reactive red 194, and C.I. reactive orange 5) with natural sunlight in homogeneous aqueous solutions. TiW₁₁Sn and ZrW₁₁Sn effectively and photocatalytically decolorized the dyestuffs. The TiW₁₁Sn- and ZrW₁₁Sn-mediated photocatalytic degradation of the dyestuffs involved a pseudo-first-order reaction and was modeled by Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type kinetics. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constants (K^/) of triarylmethane dyestuffs were generally bigger than that of the azo dyestuffs. Quantitative structure–property relationship models of the K^/ of the dyestuffs were developed using partial least-square regression. The cumulative variance of the dependent variable explained by the partial least-square components was > 0.753 for each optimal model. This value indicated that the model had good predictive ability and robustness. The K^/ values of the dyestuffs were related to the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and the most positive net atomic charges on a sulfur atom of dyestuffs. The linear correlation coefficients between the predicted and experimental values were all > 0.9950.     

Altitude dependence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface soil from Tibetan Plateau, China

Remote mountain areas besides high latitude regions are beginning to receive increased attention in studying the transport and behavior of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In the present work, surface soil samples were collected from the Tibetan Plateau, the highest plateau in the world which includes the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma, to investigate the levels and trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) along the altitudinal gradient. The average PCB and PBDE concentrations were 185.6 ng kg⁻¹ dry weight (dw) (range 47.1–422.6 ng kg⁻¹ dw) and 11.1 ng kg⁻¹ dw (range 4.3–34.9 ng kg⁻¹ dw), respectively. Regression analysis between the log-transformed TOC-normalized concentrations and the altitudes of the sampling sites showed two opposite trends with regard to altitude dependence: negative relationship with altitude below about 4500 m followed by a positive altitude dependence above this point. Considering minimum anthropogenic activities and very sparse precipitation in the north of Himalayas, the trends above 4500 m imply that the significant altitude dependence of these two groups of POPs were irrespective of pollution sources, but could be predicted by the global distillation effect involving cold condensation in high altitude mountain areas. Increasing levels of heavier congeners were found in higher altitude sites, although the lighter congeners were the main contributors to the total amount, suggesting that less volatile congeners seem to become enriched easier than those more volatile at higher altitudes in this region.     

含铬钻井泥浆固化及影响因素

固化技术是含铬钻井泥浆无害化处理最有效的方法。以四川西部某钻井泥浆为研究对象,选取水泥、石灰、聚铝和水玻璃作为固化处理剂,运用正交试验研究了含铬钻井泥浆实验条件。最佳试验配方是：先将泥浆含水率调整为46%,水泥、聚铝、石灰和水玻璃的添加量分别为10%、1%、3%和0.5%。固化72 h,该试验配方对六价铬和总铬的固化率分别达到93%和95%,浸出六价铬浓度符合地下水三类水标准(GB/T14848-9),浸出总铬浓度符合国家污水综合排放标准（GB5085.3-1996）。     

北京市朝阳区城市生活垃圾组分分布特性研究

针对垃圾焚烧的需要,按垃圾组分低位热值重新进行了垃圾分类,检验了各组分的正态分布特性,得出了服从正态分布的垃圾组分的概率分布密度函数。进行了垃圾含水率的线性相关性分析,认为垃圾含水率与厨余的相关性最大,降水量对含水率影响不大。     

新鲜蔬菜和水果中亚硝酸盐测定方法研究

本文研究了消除新鲜蔬菜和水果中抗坏血酸对亚硝酸盐测定原方法,在样品提取时加入醋酸锌和活性炭,以消除抗坏血酸对测定的干扰,提高了测定的灵敏度和准确必     

三株白腐菌产锰过氧化物酶活性及其对多环芳烃的降解

比较研究了β-环糊精(β-CD)对3株黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)CGMCC5.776、GIM3.383和GIM3.393产锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和降解多环芳烃(PAHs)的影响.结果表明:3株菌都能分泌出高活性的MnP,β-CD能显著提高MnP的活性.加入2.0 g/Lβ-CD的体系培养到第12天时.酶活性最高达到2 912.5 U/L;而且β-CD能显著提高PAHs的降解率,两者之间存在较好的相关性.加入1.0 g/L β-CD的体系对比不加β-CD的体系,PAHs的降解率提高了1～2倍.PAHs的降解同时受到MnP活性、PAHs表观溶解度和分子结构稳定性等因素的影响.