Heavy metal enrichment in the soil along the Delhi–Ulan section of the Qinghai–Tibet railway in China

The pollutants that are discharged from roads and traffic have attracted much attention recently. Nonetheless, most studies have mainly focused on highways and seldom on railways. In this study, soil samples were selected at the embankment and perpendicularly at different distances (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, and 150 m) from the embankment bottom of the Qinghai–Tibet railway. Furthermore, soils were selected at four soil depths (5, 10, 20, and 30 cm) of each sample at the flat. The enrichment of nine heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Cd, and Pb) in soils along the Delhi–Ulan section of the Qinghai–Tibet railway was studied. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were highest at the embankment. The Cu concentrations in soils decreased by an S-curve-shaped function with increasing distance from the embankment, while Cd, Pb, and Zn decreased by inverse functions (p?<?0.0001). The concentrations of other studied metal did not show significant changes with increasing distance. After performing a statistical analysis, Pb, Cd, and Zn in soils were considered to be influenced by railway operations. However, the influence was weak and only spanned less than 5 m from the bottom of the embankment horizontally and 10 cm from the surface vertically. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in soils along the Delhi–Ulan section of the Qinghai–Tibet railway were considered lower compared with those along other railways.     

微乳状液膜与乳状液膜分离废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的对比研究

利用正交优化试验所得最优配比方案,以三正辛胺(TOA)、仲辛醇和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为载体,Span-80为表面活性剂,正丁醇为助表面活性剂,煤油为膜溶剂制备微乳状液膜;以TOA、仲辛醇、TBP为载体,酸性兰-113为表面活性剂,煤油为膜溶剂制备乳状液膜.通过单因素扩大试验比较了微乳状液膜与乳状液膜对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的分离效果.结果表明,在相同条件下微乳状液膜对Cr(Ⅵ)具有更高的分离率.随着乳液用量的减少,微乳状液膜对Cr(Ⅵ)的分离率下降不明显,而乳状液膜对Cr(Ⅵ)的分离率明显下降,说明微乳状液膜具有更好的稳定性.     

两种内分泌干扰物对鲫鱼淋巴细胞活性与功能的影响

从鲫鱼的血样中分离淋巴细胞,以内分泌干扰物甲草胺和莠去津染毒,体外培养48 h,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法测定两种除草剂对淋巴细胞生长活性的影响,并进行淋巴细胞的增殖实验,确定植物血凝素(PHA)刺激淋巴细胞增殖的适宜浓度,在此基础上开展两种除草剂对鲫鱼淋巴细胞增殖影响的研究.结果表明,甲草胺和莠去津对鲫鱼淋巴细胞生长活性的影响呈剂量-效应关系,其半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(27.7±7.6)、(97.6±26.4)μg/L;PHA的适宜刺激质量浓度是10.0/μg/mL;两种除草剂对鲫鱼淋巴细胞增殖存在影响,当甲草胺质量浓度大于7μg/L、莠去津质量浓度大于50μg/L时,淋巴细胞增殖受到明显抑制,表明其对鲫鱼存在潜在的免疫毒性.     

臭氧/Mn2+催化降解水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

以Mn2 为催化剂与臭氧联合降解除草剂2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D).考察了反应温度、pH、2,4-D初始浓度和臭氧气体流量等因素对2,4-D降解效果的影响.pH对2,4-D降解效果影响很大,当pH=2.0、反应5 min时,2,4-D的去除率达99.8%;当pH=10.1、反应20min时,2,4-D的去除率仅为50.0%.反应温度升高、臭氧气体流量增加、2,4-D初始浓度降低均有助于2,4-D降解速率的提高.单独臭氧氧化2,4-D的表观反应速率常数为0.170 min-1;催化臭氧氧化2,4-D的表观反应速率常数为0.295min-1,是单独臭氧氧化的1.74倍.2,4-D的Mn2 催化臭氧反应遵循拟一级反应动力学方程.     

神经节苷脂生产废水处理技术研究

针对神经节苷脂生产废水蛋白质含量高的特点,研究了等电点沉淀或混凝沉降预处理、厌氧好氧生物处理、化学沉淀和类Fenton氧化后处理组合工艺处理神经节苷脂生产废水的技术。结果表明,神经节苷脂生产废水的等电点在pH=2.2左右,通过等电点沉淀可去除30%以上的COD,但等电点时蛋白质的沉淀速度非常慢;用聚合硫酸铁对神经节苷脂生产废水进行混凝预处理的最适工艺条件是：pH=7～7.5,聚合硫酸铁用量＝500～750 mg/L。在优化条件下,混凝预处理可以使神经节苷脂生产废水的COD从27 000 mg/L左右降到13 000 mg/L左右。混凝预处理后的神经节苷脂生产废水经48 h厌氧和84 h好氧生物处理,COD值进一步下降到600 mg/L左右。然后向每升生化出水中加入2～3 mmol Fe³⁺,通过化学沉淀作用除去其中的磷酸盐,过量的Fe³⁺作为后续类Fenton氧化的催化剂。当H₂O₂(30％)用量为2～3 mL/L时,最终出水的COD值可以达到国家一级排放标准。     

Evaluation of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated disinfection by-products

Disinfection by-products(DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. The relatively low concentration of DBPs in finished water(low μg/L or even ng/L levels) and the interference from water matrix inhibited in situ determination of DBPs. Moreover, the further formation and degradation of DBPs by disinfectants during the holding time(several hours to s...     

镉污染对水稻不同生育期生长和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在CK、5、10和20 mg·kg-1 4个不同镉处理浓度下,水稻生长发育农艺指标和部分品质指标的变化,同时分析了不同生育期水稻根系活力和伤流液中镉含量的变化规律.结果表明,淹水条件下,镉对水稻产生生育障碍的浓度比较高.土镉20.84 mg-kg-1时,水稻的经济产量减产超过10%,同时,糙米中直链淀粉的含量也显著增加.当土壤镉含量为4.48 mg·kg-1时,糙米中镉含量显著增加而蛋白质含量显著减少.在水稻不同的生长发育期,根系活力与伤流液中镉的含量表现出相同的变化趋势.伤流液中镉在营养生长阶段吸收最大,且与土壤中的镉呈线性关系.     

德阳市主要农作物生产潜力

本文在简述了农业生产潜力定量测度方法的基础上,计算和分析了德阳市主要作物生产潜力。得出光能利用率低是造成该区作物产量不高的主要原因,各种作物中水稻生产力、生产潜力最大,不同种植制度中水旱轮作生产力、生产潜力最大     

丝状菌污泥膨胀的影响因素与控制

本文系统地介绍了近一、二十年来国际上关于丝状菌污泥膨胀的最新研究成果。从丝状菌的种类与特性、丝状菌污泥膨胀的机理、引起污泥膨胀的污水性质和运行条件等方面全面地论述了污泥膨胀的影响因素与控制方法,通过对国内外污泥膨胀研究现状与存在问题的分析,提出了该课题今后的研究方向。     

由电镀含铬废水合成吡啶酸铬(Ⅲ)的研究

本文对电镀含铬废水进行了处理,采用电镀含铬废水合成了有机铬饲料添加剂-吡啶酸铬（Ⅲ）,同时采用电导、紫外、红外光谱对吡啶酸铬的性质进行了研究。