Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

Dietary exposure to di-isobutyl phthalate increases urinary 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine level and affects reproductive function in adult male mice

Phthalates are a large family of ubiquitous environmental pollutants suspected of being endocrine disruptors. Epidemiological studies have associated phthalate metabolites with decreased reproductive parameters and linked phthalate exposure with the level of urinary 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine(5mdC, a product of methylated DNA). In this study, adult male mice were exposed to 450 mg di-isobutyl phthalate(DiBP)/(kg·day) via dietary exposure for 28 days. Mono-isobutyl phthalate(Mi BP, the urinary metabolite) and reproductive function parameters were determined. The levels of 5mdC and 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine(5hmdC) were measured in urine to evaluate if their contents were also altered by DiBP exposure in this animal model. Results showed that DiBP exposure led to a significant increase in the urinary 5mdC level and significant decreases in sperm concentration and motility in the epididymis, accompanied with reduced testosterone levels and downregulation of the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme(P450scc) gene in the mice testes. Our findings indicated that exposure to DiBP increased the urinary 5mdC levels,which supported our recent epidemiological study about the associations of urinary 5mdC with phthalate exposure in the male human population. In addition, DiBP exposure impaired male reproductive function, possibly by disturbing testosterone levels; P450scc might be a major steroidogenic enzyme targeted by DiBP or other phthalates.     

长江口悬浮固体中重金属元素的形态研究

研究了长江口水体中微量金属元素Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ，在固－液两相中的分配，以及在悬浮固体中的形态分布。结果表明，元素Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ有９０％左右存在于悬浮固体中，并以固态形式输入河口，溶解态仅占１０％左右；元素Ｃｄ固态部分约占３５％，溶解态占优势。在悬浮固体中，元素Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ主要以残留态和铁锰结合态形式存在，这两种形态的比例，Ｃｕ为４０％和２９％，Ｐｂ各占４０％，Ｚｎ为３７％和３８％。元素     

底栖动物在水生生态系统健康评价中的作用分析

从生态系统健康的概念入手,通过对生态系统健康评价方法的研究和分析,对底栖动物尤其是大型底柄无脊椎动物在生态系统健康评价中的作用进行了分析和总结.生物监测法和多指标评价法是水生态系统健康评价的主要手段,而利用指示物种、预测模型和底柄生物的完整性指数等多种方法可以对水生态系统健康进行快速和准确的评价.如何完善底栖动物在生态系统健康评价中的作用并综合运用其他评价技术,以及结合评价结果对受损水生态系统进行生态修复和重建将是这一领域未来研究的重点所在.     

涕灭威在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附行为

通过静态吸附实验,探讨了氨基甲酸酯类农药涕灭威在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附规律.实验表明,25±1℃条件下,涕灭威在低浓度(0.2～1.5mg/L)时,在颗粒物上的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附;在2.0～15mg/L用Freundlich吸附等温线描述更合理;在20～2000mg/L,涕灭威的吸附既可以用线性等温方程式也可以用Fre-undlich等温方程式来描述.并研究了阴离子表面活性剂SDBS和非离子表面活性剂TWEEN60存在下涕灭威的吸附等温线,以及悬浮颗粒物浓度、腐殖酸、pH、盐度及微生物对涕灭威在颗粒物上吸附行为的影响.     

盐城经济技术开发区污水处理厂提标改造工程设计研究

介绍了盐城经济技术开发区污水厂提标改造工程技术路线及方案.针对污水厂进水中工业废水含量较多的特点,增设水解酸化工艺段,将现状CAST池改造为AAO生物反应池,新建二沉池及混凝沉淀设施,使出水水质稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级A排放标准.同时增设污泥深度脱水设施,采用化学调理+板框压滤工艺.实际运行表明,经改造后的污水处理厂对各项污染物均取得了较好的去除效果,脱水后污泥的含水率可稳定控制在60%以下.     

膨胀污泥中丝状菌的分离鉴定与特性分析

为了阐明膨胀污泥中的丝状菌种类和特性,利用培养法、显微镜检和分子生物学分析技术从城市污水处理厂的膨胀污泥中分离鉴定丝状菌,并对典型丝状菌进行特性分析.利用高氏一号培养基和淀粉培养基分离出的丝状菌可归入18个属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyce)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium)属于放线菌门,其余均属于真菌.青霉菌属(Penicillium)、枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、毛孢子菌属(Trichosporon)在培养基上的出现频次较高.毛孢子菌、链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都能在pH中性或偏酸性条件下良好生长.高浓度的Na Cl能够抑制毛孢子菌和链霉菌,但对青霉菌和链格孢菌的抑制作用不明显.除毛孢子菌外,链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都可有效地利用蔗糖、淀粉和纤维素,碳源浓度增加会促进它们的生长.r DNA-ITS区高通量测序结果表明膨胀污泥中存在大量未知真菌.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

潜流人工湿地处理微污染河道水中有机物和氮的净化效率及沿程变化

摘要：以野外水平潜流芦苇砾石床人工湿地研究了湿地对微污染河道水的长期动态净化特性。2a多的运行结果表明,潜流湿地对污染物的去除性能存在波动、稳定过程。潜流湿地降解有机物和脱氮性能与植物生长和季节变化相关,其中植物生长和季节变化对湿地脱氮效能的影响大于对湿地去除有机物的影响。潜流湿地降解有机物的主要场所随运行时间沿程推移,启动期主要在湿地前部完成,稳定运行期主要在湿地的前、中部完成。湿地对有机物的去除率,在6.10%～37.83%之间变化。湿地运行期间,沿程水样C/N值基本大于5,碳源供应较充足。潜流湿地启动期TN平均去除率为15.51%,稳定运行期TN平均去除率为8.61%,低于启动期,整个运行期间湿地TN去除率不足40%。潜流湿地中硝化与反硝化反应在中部达到动态平衡,TN去除效率最高。稳定运行期间潜流湿地的前、中部耗氧强度最大,后部下层有明显硝化反应发生。潜流湿地对有机物降解、硝化与反硝化反应、TN去除具有沿程同步性。试验还初步发现,在植物生长旺盛的春夏季根系分泌的低分子有机酸对化能自养型硝化细菌可能有较大抑制作用,可能是影响脱氮效率提高的一个因素。     

萃取膜生物反应器处理苯酚废水的试验研究

从经过驯化的活性污泥中筛选出苯酚降解菌.制备成菌悬液,对比活性污泥体系和菌悬液体系的萃取膜生物反应器(EMB)对苯酚废水的处理效果,考察了料液苯酚浓度、反应器温度等因素对膜萃取速率及生物降解效果的影响.结果表明,通过以苯酚为唯一碳源,逐渐提高苯酚浓度的方法对活性污泥进行驯化.当进水苯酚浓度为700 mg·L-1时,苯酚去除率达99%以上;适当提高反应器温度和料液初始浓度有利于提高膜萃取速率;当初始料液苯酚浓度为2000 mg·L-1时,膜萃取速率高于生物降解速率,生物相中产生苯酚积累;菌悬液体系EMB的生物膜厚度明显小于活性污泥体系,且水力反冲洗可有效控制生物膜厚度.对苯酚生物降解产物的GC-MS分析结果表明,苯酚的生物降解较彻底,基本无苯酚中间产物的残留.