Vertical gradients of ozone and carbon dioxide within a deciduous forest in Central Pennsylvania

Ambient concentrations of ozone (O(3)) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) were measured at locations from the forest floor to the top of the canopy in a deciduous forest at the Moshannon State Forest in northcentral Pennsylvania. O(3) concentrations were measured from May-September for three years (1993-1995) while CO(2) concentrations were measured only during July and August of 1994. O(3) concentrations increased steadily during the day at all locations, peaking during the middle to late afternoon hours. O(3) concentrations then steadily declined to their lowest point, just before dawn. Vertical O(3) concentration gradients varied seasonally and among years. However, O(3) concentrations were highest within the forest canopy and lowest at the forest floor, with an average difference of approximately 13%. Differences in O(3) concentrations between the canopy and forest floor were greatest at night. O(3) concentrations were slightly higher at locations within the canopy than above the canopy. CO(2) concentrations were consistenly higher near the forest floor and were higher above the canopy than within the canopy. CO(2) concentrations were higher at night than during the day at all locations, especially near the forest floor.     

Organic carbon concentration profiles in recent cave sediments: records of agricultural pollution or diagenesis?

Recent (<7 years old) cave sediments in Speedwell Cavern, Derbyshire, show an approximately exponential decay of organic carbon with depth. This phenomenon was thought to be due to one of two causes: (i) changing agricultural practice within the catchment feeding the cave, especially the increased use of sewage sludge and animal slurry as fertilizer; (ii) a relatively constant organic carbon concentration over time in the input sediment, with subsequent carbon mineralization during diagenesis. Carbon isotope composition of the organic material and the evolution of H/C ratio with depth indicate that the latter hypothesis is correct and that the profiles result from microbial diagenesis, not increased organic carbon inputs. By comparison with sediment of known (7 years) age, temporal decay constants for organic matter can be derived; these lie between rates previously determined for organic matter decomposition in marine sediments and soils. The H/C ratio of organic matter can be modelled as a function of time and proceeds in a similar fashion to soil organic material.     

A model describing the complexing effect in the leaching of aluminum from cooking utensils

A simple model describing the complexing effect in the leaching of aluminum from cooking utensils is presented in this paper. Some experimental results obtained by previous workers may be explained by this model, which demonstrates that the complexing effect takes a very important role in the process of aluminum liberated from cooking utensils. Increased concentrations of complexing ions (organic acids, fluoride ion, OH-, etc.) significantly enhance the release of aluminum. The speciation of aluminum in simulated food solution is also investigated. The model suggests that in the pH range of most food (pH 4-8) aluminum present is predominantly in the form of organic Al-complexes, which is harmful to the human body.     

Long-term trends and sources of organochlorine contamination in Canadian tundra Peregrine Falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius

Levels of eggshell thinning, and organochlorine residues in egg contents, blood plasma of adults and juveniles, tissue samples, and prey species were determined for a population of migratory Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus tundrius) breeding in the Canadian Arctic. Temporal trends were assessed by comparing data collected during 1991-1994, with data from 1982-1986, for the same population. Shells (n=54) from 1991-1994 averaged 15% thinner than eggs produced prior to the introduction of DDT. No improvement in shell thickness was detected between decades. Mean DDE residue levels in eggs showed a decline from 7.6 mg kg (1982-1986) to 4.5 mg kg (1991-1994), but there was no significant change in SigmaPCB residues. Moreover, the proportion of clutches with eggs exceeding critical SigmaPCB, DDE, and dieldrin residue levels (10%) did not change between decades. Relative to Greenland and Alaskan populations, F. p. tundrius at Rankin Inlet show high levels of organochlorine contamination and little reduction in residues over the last decade. These Tundra Peregrines continue to be exposed to organochlorines in Latin America; however, results also link relatively high levels in the study population with waterfowl species that do not leave Canada in winter.     

The uptake of particulates by an urban woodland: site description and particulate composition

Woodlands may improve local air quality by increasing the uptake rates of gaseous, particulate and aerosol pollutants from the atmosphere and can also act as relatively permanent sinks for some pollutants. Rough Wood, Walsall was selected for a study of the material which accumulates on tree foliage because of its location in a densely populated urban area, and its proximity to a motorway with high traffic flow (the M6) and to other pollutant sources. Methods were developed for leaf washing to allow determination of the quantity of dust and the identification of the dust particles present on oak leaves. Elemental analysis of particles was also undertaken using scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron probe microanalysis. A large proportion of particles were organic in origin. Of the inorganic particles, the majority contained silicon and aluminium in varying proportions suggesting that they were soil derived. Some particles were clearly identified as the products of combustion, and sea or road salt was present on leaf surfaces. Some particles contained copper, tin and titanium which may reflect the proximity of Rough Wood to local metal workings. The number of particles counted on leaf surfaces decreased as distance from the motorway increased.     

Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Chao Phraya River, Thailand

Water samples from the Chao Phraya River, the main river in Thailand were collected and analyzed during 1988–1994. Organochlorine pesticides such as HCHs, DDTs, aldrin, dieldrin and chlordanes were determined. Aldrin and dieldrin had high frequencies of occurrence in water samples. The concentration median of the pesticides was approximately one order of magnitude higher than those of total HCHs and DDTs. Levels of aldrin were relatively high in the upstream while levels of DDTs were high in the urban area of Bangkok during 1989–1990. p,p-DDE levels were relatively higher in 1992. No clear trends in the levels of pesticides were observed.     

Book reviews

Rebuilding the City: Property‐led Urban Regeneration

P. Healey, S. Davoudi, M. O'Toole, S. Tavsanoglu & D. Usher (Eds)

London, E. & F. N. Spon, 1992, 312 pp., £30

Der Wert stadtnaher Wälder als Erholungsraum: Eine ökonomishce Analyse am Beispiel von Lugano (Value of Urban Forests as Recreational Areas: An Economic Analysis on the Case of Lugano)

Claudia Nielsen

Chur (Switzerland), Verlag Rüegger, 1992, 261 pp., SFr 48

Urban Planning under Thatcherism: The Challenge of the Market

A. Thornley

London, Routledge, 1991, 253 pp., £14.99

Sustainable Development and Urban Form, European Research in Regional Science 2

M. J. Breheny (Ed)

London, Pion, Limited, 1992, 292 pp., £28.00.

Tourism, Museums and the Local Economy: The Economic Impact of the North of England Open Air Musuem at Beamish

Peter Johnson & Barry Thomas

Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 1992, 160 pp., £29.50     

The fate of endosulfan in aquatic ecosystems

Endosulfan, one of the major pesticides used in cotton-growing, is of environmental concern because of its toxicity to fish and its apparent persistence in the environment. This study examines the distribution and degradation pathways for endosulfan in an aquatic system and the processes by which it is removed. In the alkaline waters of the cotton region, hydrolysis is the dominant degradation process. By this mechanism alone, the expected half-lives for the alpha- and beta-endosulfan isomers were found to be 3.6 days and 1.7 days, respectively. Partitioning studies showed, however, that the major proportion of endosulfan would associate with the sediments (log Koc(alpha) 3.6 and log Koc(beta) 4.3). Field studies confirmed the presence of high concentrations in sediments. Microcosm experiments showed that loss of endosulfan was slower than predicted from hydrolysis rates. Models are presented to explain how desorption from sediment limits the loss of endosulfan from a system.     

Response of hydrogen peroxide scavenging system in two soybean cultivars exposed to SO2: experimental evidence for the detoxification of SO2 by enhanced H2O2 scavenging components

The impact of SO(2) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle was investigated in a tolerant (cv. Punjab-1) and a sensitive (cv. JS 7244) cultivar of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In spite of SO(2) stimulated SOD activities in both the cultivars, only cv. JS 7244 has significantly enhanced Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. This differential response was attributed to the ability of cv. Punjab-1 to enhance glutathione reductase (GR) activity and to maintain high GSH/GSSG and ASA/DHA ratios. Post-fumigation analysis indicated the ability of cv. Punjab-1 to maintain SO(2)-enhanced antioxidants, whilst they declined in cv. JS 7244 the moment fumigation was terminated. Exposure of SO(2)-acclimated plants (cv. Punjab-1) with their enhanced antioxidants to 250 microg m(-3) SO(2) for 6 h exhibited no enhanced cellular injury (MDA content) when compared to that of control plants with their normal antioxidant levels. These results indicate a relation between the ability of a plant to maintain reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (ASA) and SO(2) tolerance, and they also present evidence for the ability of plants, with elevated antioxidants, to tolerate SO(2)-induced oxygen-free radical toxicity.     

Mute swans, Cygnus olor, killed from collision with electrical wires, a study of two situations in Sweden

Different studies indicate that 19-38% of the Swedish ringed Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) are killed by collision with electrical wires. The relative frequency of killed swans is not related to the density or type of electrical wires in the landscape, but to where in the landscape the wires are constructed, and to the time when mass movements of swans occur. Experience (age), bodyweight ("too heavy to raise"), breast muscle weakening ("engine problems") and heavy metal (lead) loads strongly affect the chances of birds avoiding collision; but, swans not belonging to these risk-groups are also killed. Different skeletal injuries were found in dead birds after collision but many of them were not lethal. It was proved, however, that most collision-birds ultimately died from liver damage, probably caused by their heavy bodies hitting the ground.