深圳市环境信息公开和公众参与管理实践与对策

环境信息公开和公众参与已经成为一种重要的环境管理辅助手段,深圳市立足城市之先,在立法和执法方面开展了一系列实践工作,并积累了一定的经验和教训。在研究深圳市环境信息公开和公众参与管理现状的基础上,结合实践中存在的焦点和难点问题,以提高公民环境知情权和参与权的落实水平为目标,从观念、立法、技术指引和参与形式等方面提出政策建议,为深圳市环境信息公开与公众参与管理实践提供了较好的理论和实践探索。     

醋酸乙烯酯卸料系统的改进

介绍了卸料系统改造前的状况,对卸料系统流程和操作步骤的改造。改造后保证了腈纶装置安全运行,减少了环境污染,减轻了工人的劳动强度。     

On the intensity and type transition of land use at the basin scale using RS/GIS: a case study of the Hanjiang River Basin

The purpose of this study is to investigate the land use intensity and land use change type at the basin scale in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin (in Hubei Province, China) by combining the Landsat TM images in 1995 and 2000 with the land use database (in scale 1:10,000) and relative data. In this study, the basic data is acquired from the interpretation of remote sensing (RS) images. The intensity of land use and the rate of change in double-directions of land use dynamics are calculated with the support of software ARC/INFO. The intensity of land use is indicated by the intensity coefficient of land use, and the transition of land use types is quantified as the rate of change in double-direction of land use types and also expressed as the transition matrix of land use types. The results are expressed in space by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Results of this study show that (1) the intensity of land use is high in the study region, the intensity coefficients of land use in 1995 and 2000 are 260.025 and 290.526, respectively, and the intensity of development and utilization of land is trend to increscent; and (2) the rate of land use change in double directions in the whole study region is 0.52 with great spatial variation and the differentiation of land use types. In the differentiation of land use types, the unutilized land (with the rate to 4.391) is developed fast, the grassland (with 2.836) and water area (with 1.664) are disturbed severely, and these changes will influence the eco-environment in the Hanjiang River Basin and all the Yangtze Basin. The rates of the farmland and the woodland are 0.424 and 0.344, respectively, meaning that the fundamentals of regional human-environmental system are relative stable. With this study, we can conclude that (1) the patterns of land use are increasingly changing in the study region, the environmental impacts are escalated on this stage, and the further outcomes are destined to change the stability of the regional human–environmental system; and (2) the most useful method to study the present land use and its change is through the use of the RS/GIS with the land use database (in scale 1:10,000).     

Correlation between PM concentrations and aerosol optical depth in eastern China

Using one year of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite and particular matter (PM) contents measured at eleven sites located mostly in the eastern China in 2007, the relationship between columnar AOD and hourly and daily average (DA) PM were established. The peak AOD observed from MODIS was generally consistent with the surface PM measurements in eastern China, where Zhengzhou had the maximum annual mean PM₁₀ of 182.1 μg m^?3, while Longfengshan had the minimum annual mean of 38.1 μg m^?3. Ground level observations indicated that PM concentration varies widely across different regions, which was mainly due to the difference in weather conditions and anthropogenic emissions. The coarse particles accounted for the main air pollution in Zhengzhou and Benxi whiles the fine particles, however, were the main constituents in other sites. Results showed that MODIS AOD (averaged over the box of 5 × 5 and 3 × 3 pixels) had a better positive correlation with the coincident hourly average (HA) PM concentration than with DA due to diurnal variation in PM mass measurements. After correcting AOD for relative humidity (RH), the correlation did not improve significantly, suggesting that the RH was not the main factor affecting the correlation of PM with AOD. The statistical regression analysis between MODIS AOD and PM mass suggested that the satellite-derived AOD is a useful tool for mapping PM distribution over large spatial domains.     

PTFE中空纤维膜直接接触式膜蒸馏过程抗污染性能

通过研究不同原水对直接接触式膜蒸馏过程的影响,考察了聚四氟乙烯膜对无机盐、胶体和有机物的抗污染性能。研究表明,在35 g/L氯化钠溶液的4倍浓缩过程中,PTFE膜的相对通量降低至0.72;与碳酸钙饱和溶液的浓缩过程相比,由于溶解度的差异,硫酸钙饱和溶液浓缩过程中晶体析出量更多,通量衰减也更为严重;浓缩硅溶胶时,二氧化硅单体聚合并吸附于膜面从而引起膜通量的衰减,随着浓缩的进行,料液p H值不断上升,使得胶体体系愈加稳定,浓缩到2.6倍后相对通量没有随着浓缩倍数的增加出现明显下降,维持在0.73左右;腐殖酸在水中表现出的亲水性和电负性使其难以在具有较强疏水性的聚四氟乙烯膜表面上形成滤饼层,浓缩过程中相对通量始终保持在0.9以上。     

猫儿山自然保护区生态受益者支付意愿及影响因素

利用问卷调查和条件估值法,以猫儿山自然保护区为例,基于保护区受益者视角,分析受益区居民对保护区的认知、支付意愿及其影响因素和支付方式,探讨自然保护区生态补偿机制的构建。结果表明：（1）受益区居民对猫儿山自然保护区基本情况不熟悉,但绝大多数受益者认同保护区与漓江中下游的水源密切相关。部分受访者不认同作为保护区生态效益受益者的身份;（2）8558%的受益者愿意为猫儿山自然保护区提供帮助,受益者的支付意愿为每户每年28789元,对受益者来说,保护区生态系统服务的经济价值为202×108元/a;（3）文化层次和家庭年收入与支付意愿的关系呈单调变化,职业的影响表现出企业员工的支付意愿最高,其次是教师,农民的支付意愿最低;（4）受益者支付意愿的方式偏好存在差异性,比起现金支付,受益者更倾向于通过参加环保公益活动和纳税的形式,支付保护区提供的生态效益。     

植草沟在城市面源污染控制系统的应用

暴雨径流造成的城市面源污染已引起广泛重视,为控制和削减进入受纳水体的径流污染负荷,各种技术措施得到发展,植草沟便是其中之一.植草沟是景观型地表沟渠排水系统,从植草沟定义、类型、设计计算、参数确定、运行维护及应用实例方面作了较详细介绍.植草沟在条件合适时可代替传统的雨水管道,具有很好的推广应用前景.     

侧向流曝气生物滤池中的生物膜特征分析

研究了侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水稳态运行时反应器内生物量的时空分布特征、生物膜的活性特征和微生物空间分布特征。结果表明,侧向流曝气生物滤池生物膜的形态、颜色和厚度沿水流方向有显著改变。进水端至中间部分的生物膜较厚, 生物量较多,颜色为黑灰色;沿水流方向生物膜逐渐变薄,颜色也渐变为浅褐色;侧向流曝气生物滤池内COD转化速率沿滤池长度逐渐减小,NH₃-N转化速率沿滤池长度逐渐增加,微生物耗氧速率沿滤池长度是呈先下降然后上升的趋势,但总体上差别不大;侧向流曝气生物滤池的微生物种群丰富,组成多样,在滤池内不同位置的生物膜上都生长着与其污水水质相适应的优势菌种,能够较好地完成污水处理的任务。     

蔬菜与餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵启动阶段微生物分析

为了研究厌氧发酵启动阶段微生物菌群结构、数量变化情况与沼气产量的关系,分别对蔬菜废弃物和餐厨垃圾单一物料发酵进行分析,并测定pH值、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、氧化还原电位。结果表明,餐厨垃圾比蔬菜废弃物的启动时间长,但产气持久。蔬菜废弃物中细菌达峰值的时间早于餐厨垃圾,说明蔬菜废弃物中的有机质更利于微生物降解利用。两种原料中的微生物群落结构变化一致,启动阶段初期好氧和兼性厌氧细菌属优势菌,其中产酸菌增殖速率高于氨化细菌,是启动阶段降解有机质的主要菌群。随后厌氧细菌快速增殖,13增殖速率由不足20％增长到近100％并保持稳定。厌氧纤维素降解菌在启动阶段增殖较慢,原料中纤维素降解在厌氧发酵后期。原料液VFA中丁酸含量最多,最高浓度4．7mg／mL以上,占有机酸总量总量的46％以上,厌氧发酵类型为丁酸发酵型。