Aerosol optical properties based on ground measurements over the Chinese Yangtze Delta Region

The characteristics of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent were analyzed and compared using Cimel sunphotometer data from 2007 to 2008 at five sites located in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The simultaneous measurements between Lin’an and ZFU showed a very high consistency of AOD at all wavelengths. The differences are less than 0.02 for Angstrom exponent and AOD at all wavelengths. The mean values of AOD at 440 nm at the Pudong, Taihu and Lin’an were about 0.74 ± 0.43, 0.85 ± 0.46, and 0.89 ± 0.46, respectively. The mean values of Angstrom exponents were about 1.27 ± 0.30, 1.20 ± 0.28 and 1.32 ± 0.35, respectively. The variation of monthly averaged AOD over Pudong showed a single peak distribution, with the maximum value occurring in July (AOD_440nm 1.26 ± 0.61) and minimum in January (AOD_440nm 0.50 ± 0.27). However, the variations of monthly averaged AOD at Taihu and Lin’an showed a bi-modal distribution. There were peak values of AOD occurring in July (AOD_440nm 1.41 ± 0.49) and September (AOD_440nm 1.22 ± 0.52) for Taihu. For Lin’an, the two peak values of AOD occurred in June (AOD_440nm 1.17 ± 0.69) and September (AOD_440nm 1.28 ± 0.46). The AOD accumulated mainly between 0.30–0.90(68%), 0.30–1.20(75%) and 0.30–1.20 (～75%) at Pudong, Taihu, and Lin’an, respectively. The Angstrom exponent accumulated mainly between 1.10–1.60 (75%), 1.10–1.50 (63%) and 1.20–1.60, 50% (50%) at Pudong, Taihu, and Lin’an, respectively.The synchronized observation showed that the AOD at Pudong was larger than those at Dongtan by 0.03, 0.03, 0.04, 0.07, and 0.08 at wavelengths of 1020 nm, 870 nm, 670 nm, 500 nm and 440 nm, respectively. The synchronized observations at Pudong, Taihu and Lin’an showed that the three stations had high level AOD with means at 440 nm about 0.68, 0.73, and 0.78, respectively. The relationship between MODIS retrieved and ground-based measured AOD shows good agreement with R² ranging from 0.68 to 0.79 at Pudong, Taihu, Lin’an and Dongtan. The MODIS results were overestimated comparing the ground measurements at Pudong, Taihu, and Dongtan but exceptional at Lin’an.The analysis results between aerosol optical properties and wind measurement at Pudong showed that the wind speed from the east correlates with the lower observed AOD. The back trajectory analysis indicates that more than 50% airmasses were from the marine area at Pudong, while back trajectories distribution is relatively homogeneous at Lin’an.     

中央空调净化系统的改进措施

介绍了室内空气净化技术及其特点.针对中央空调系统的特点,提出了将活性炭吸附技术、TiO2光催化技术与静电除尘技术结合的静电活性炭-TiO2光催化复合技术,这一组合技术可能成为今后空调系统空气净化系统重要的改进措施.     

基于细观结构的压实黄土抗剪特性试验研究∗

压实度是填方工程质量验收的主要控制项目之一,较高压实度对改善黄土力学性能效果显著。为全面系统分析压实对黄土抗剪特性的影响规律,更好地揭示较高压实度提高黄土抗剪能力的内在原因,利用室内三轴剪切试验和电镜扫描试验,基于 4 种不同压实度,对甘肃省临夏市北塬地区压实黄土的抗剪特性和细观结构进行了研究。研究表明：压实黄土应力—应变满足双曲线形式,较高压实度对提高黄土体抗剪强度和剪切模量作用显著;较高压实度通过改变土体颗粒之间的接触形式以改善黄土体抗剪特性,主要表现为压实黄土颗粒之间的接触形式随着压实度的增加由棱边接触、支架镶嵌向面接触逐渐过渡;较高压实度通过改变土体孔隙尺度特征和形态分布以改善土体抗剪特性,主要表现为随着压实度的增加孔隙分布范围内微、小孔隙的含量增加,中、大、特大孔隙含量减小,孔隙形状也相对变得圆滑。     

Comparison of EC and BC and evaluation of dust aerosol contribution to light absorption in Xi'an, China

The concentrations of EC, BC and dust aerosols were determined for atmospheric samples collected from an observation station in Xi'an, China. The results show that the averaged correlation coefficient between EC and BC was founded to be 0.72 with 0.81 (n = 49) in autumn, 0.70 (n = 112) in winter and 0.69 (n = 57) in spring, respectively. Absorption coefficients of dust aerosol were estimated to be 2.7 m² g⁻¹ in autumn and 4.4 m² g⁻¹ in winter. The comparison of absorption coefficients of dust aerosol with those of BC implies that BC is the principal light-absorbing aerosol over Xi'an atmosphere. By combining thermal analysis of elemental carbon and dust contents in the aerosol samples, however, the fraction of dust absorption to total light absorption is estimated to be 19% in autumn and 31% in winter, respectively.     

基于高阶动力格式的基底隔震结构地震响应分析∗

隔震支座在强烈地震作用下将产生复杂的动力响应,精确掌握地震响应行为及其规律是研发高质量隔震支座和进行隔震结构设计的基础。在进行结构地震响应分析,特别是非线性分析时,采用传统逐步积分方法以及低阶格式建立起的动力时程分析方法都难以达到高精度,而采用传统高阶时间积分算法则会出现计算过程繁琐,工作量大等情况。本文采用一种基于高阶动力格式的显式时间积分新式算法,应用于基底隔震结构的地震响应分析中。首先通过自由度凝聚缩减原理,建立设置隔震支座钢筋混凝土框架结构简化计算模型;同时采用隔震支座恢复力双切线本构模型构建基底隔震体系运动方程,并转化为状态方程;进而基于微分求积（DQ）原理编制高阶动力格式算法求解状态方程;最后分析一高层基底隔震结构,在高、中、低不同频率地震波下地震响应,验证该方法适用性。结果表明,①利用静态凝聚技术建立隔震结构模型,从而构建地震响应状态方程,是高阶动力分析方法实施的基础。②结构高阶动力分析方法仅通过矩阵乘法运算即可获得结构动力响应,可较好且高效地用于解决非线性地震响应分析问题。③将结构高阶动力分析方法应用于基底隔震结构,能获得隔震结构较为精确的分析结果。     

生死线上的一段经历

1964年,我作为实习生在国家测绘总局第二地形测量队工作期间,进入塔克拉玛干沙漠的西北腹地,参加完成了两幅1：10万地形图的高程控制测量及航空摄影野外调绘任务。这是令我终生难忘的一段踩在生死线上的经历。     

Study on preparation and microwave absorption property of the core-nanoshell composite materials doped with La

Microwave absorbing material plays a great role in electromagnetic pollution controlling, electromagnetic interference shielding and stealth technology, etc. The core-nanoshell composite materials doped with La were prepared by a solid-state reaction method, which is applied to the electromagnetic wave absorption. The core is magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere, and the shell is the nanosized ferrite doped with La. The thermal decomposition process of the sample was investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The morphology and components of the composite materials were investigated by the X-ray diffraction analysis, the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer analysis indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating, which caused outstanding magnetic properties. The microwave absorbing property of the sample was measured by reflectivity far field radar cross section of radar microwave absorbing material with vector network analyzer. The results indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction enhanced magnetic loss of composite materials. Therefore, in the frequency of 5 GHz, the reflection coefficient can achieve -24 dB. It is better than single material and is consistent with requirements of the microwave absorbing material at the low-frequency absorption.     

FeS纳米颗粒修复镉铅铬污染土壤的试验研究

文章利用FeS纳米颗粒对人工配制的高、中、低3种水平的镉铅铬复合污染土壤进行修复,并对氧气和FeS纳米颗粒投加量等关键因素对土壤修复过程的影响进行了探究.结果 表明:氧气对稳定化过程影响不大;对于低浓度污染土壤,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)含量和浸出液中Cd、Pb、Cr(Ⅵ)、总Cr浓度一般可达标,可不进行处理;对于中浓度污染土壤,当FeS与(Cd+Pb+Cr(Ⅵ))的摩尔比为2:1时,可将土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)含量可降低至标准值以下,但浸出液中的Pb无法得到较好的稳定化,按PO43-与Pb的摩尔比为8∶1复合投加磷酸盐后,浸出液中Cd、Pb、Cr(Ⅵ)、总Cr浓度均可降至标准值以下;对于高浓度污染土壤,当FeS与(Cd+Pb+Cr(Ⅵ))的摩尔比在2∶1及以下时,FeS对土壤中的Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果存在波动,达标存在难度,与磷酸盐复合投加可有效稳定高浓度污染土壤浸出液中的Cd、Pb、Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr.经FeS NPs和磷酸盐稳定化处理后,土壤中生成了Pb3(PO4)2、CdS、PbS、Cr(OH)3、[Cr,Fe](OH)3和Fe3(PO4)2等沉淀物,3种重金属形态由可交换态等形态向稳定性较高的残渣态转化,释放迁移到环境的可能性减小,对环境的风险降低.修复后的土壤pH呈弱碱性,利于土壤中Cr(Ⅲ)、Cd和Pb的长期稳定;有机质含量和阳离子交换容量升高;氧化还原电位降低,体系保持还原环境,可有效防止Cr(Ⅵ)的再次氧化.     

外源重金属Cu、Cd对红树林沉积物酶活性的影响

采用外源添加重金属室内恒温培养实验研究了Cu、Cd对三亚河红树林沉积物脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响.结果表明,Cu能够抑制红树林沉积物脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,Cd对脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均能产生抑制作用.Cu与Cd复合污染对脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性表现为独立作用,对蔗糖酶表现为协同作用.培养前期,重金属处理沉积物酶活性逐渐降低,后期趋于稳定.重金属对光滩沉积物酶活性的抑制效果最强,其次是林缘沉积物,对林内沉积物酶活性的抑制作用较弱.