RuO2-IrO2/Ti阳极电催化降解偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水

以自制Ti基RuO2-IrO2镀层形稳电极为阳极,采用电催化氧化处理偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水。以硫酸钠为支持电解质,在自然pH条件下分别考察了电解时间、电极间距、电流密度和电解质浓度等因素对甲基橙去除率的影响,并分析其原因。实验结果表明,在自然pH、电极间距为1.0 cm、电流密度为30.0 mA/cm2、电解质硫酸钠浓度为20.0 g/L、电解1.0 h,甲基橙去除率高达90.0%以上。 因此,电催化氧化法作为一种高效、简便的染料废水处理技术,具有一定的应用潜力。     

试论环境在线监测监控信息管理系统建设

环境在线监测监控系统是基于WEBGIS技术,利用通讯网络平台,集中采集监测设备发出的数据信息,并进行分拣、计算、入库、匹配等工作,系统在基础地理数据的支持下,把空气监测点、城市空气、流域水质、噪声数据等按图层进行管理,对污染源进行监控.并将数据及时传送到监控中心.本文阐述了建立在线监测监控信息管理系统,在环境保护领域的重要性.介绍了系统的总体目标以及系统的主要内容和功能,指出该系统是应急监测强有力的技术手段.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. I. A Laboratory Study of Bioaccumulation of Radium and Six Heavy Metals in an Aquatic Food Chain

Phosphogypsum (PG), a solid by-product of phosphoric acid production, contains radionuclides and trace metals in concentrations which may pose a potential hazard to human health and the environment. to investigate the possibility of bioaccumulation of radium and six heavy metals over time when aquatic organisms experience both trophic and environmental exposure to PG, we designed a laboratory experiment representing three levels of an aquatic food chain. During the 135 day experiment, a meiobenthic copepod species (Amphiascoides atopus) was cultured in the presence of PG. the copepods were subsequently fed to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris and P. pugio) which were in turn fed to gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis); both the grass shrimp and the killifish also experienced an environmental PG exposure. Other than elevated radium levels in the experimental grass shrimp, the experiment demonstrated little effect of environmental or trophic exposure to PG on microinvertebrates, macroinvertebrates, or fishes that could be attributed to PG. in all cases where increased concentrations were indicated within the experimental group, roughly equivalent increases in metal concentrations also occurred in the control group.     

Lead-210 and Beryllium-7 in the Aerosol Particles Around Taiwan Off-Shore Areas

Abstract

Distributions of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in the aerosol particles of different size fractions were measured around Taiwan offshore areas from October, 1994 to October, 1995. the size distribution and abundance of the aerosol particles showed both spatial and temporal variations. the particle concentrations off northwestern Taiwan were more than twice as those off northeastern Taiwan both in November and March, and the values were much higher in November than in March for both areas. the measured particle concentrations, except for one sample with an unusually high value, ranged from 10 to 83 μOgm ^?3 in the study areas. the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the aerosol particles filtered from the air mass varied between 20 × 10^?3 and 72 × 10^?3 dpm m^?3 (1dpm = 0.45 pCi). the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the area off southwestern Taiwan appeared somewhat higher than in other areas and were probably contributed by the land air from Taiwan which contains higher ²¹⁰Pb in winter. the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations off northern Taiwan were low in November when the aerosol concentrations were high, but they were high in March when the aerosol concentrations were low.

Based on the ⁷Be monitoring records of 20 years on the aerosol particles of the island by the Taiwan Radiation Monitoring Center, the mean settling rate averaged 0.91, 0.79 and 0.68 cm s^?1, respectively, in northern, central and southern Taiwan. with these values and the ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the aerosols, the ²¹⁰Pb flux was determined to be between 0.58 and 2.30 dpm cm^?2y^?1, with an average of 1.19 dpm cm^?2y^?1. Excluding the highest value due to its extremely high ²¹⁰Pb and aerosol concentrations, the average is reduced to 1.05 dpm cm^?2y^?1. the activity median diameters (AMD) for ²¹⁰Pb in the study areas were between 0.69 and < 0.49 μM with a mean of 0.5 öm based on ²¹⁰Pb distributions in different particle size fractions. Thus, ²¹⁰Pb was preferentially adsorbed on to the submicron particles. ⁷Be in the study areas showed a good correlation with ²¹⁰Pb in total activity although the two nucides had different sources.     

Characteristics of fungal flora in onion farmlands with potential link to human mycotic keratitis

Acquisition of mycotic keratitis has been linked to agricultural activities. Although fungi were identified in injured eyes, data derived directly from farmlands are limited. Following five cases of fungal corneal ulcers in onion harvesters in the monsoon area of Taiwan, the present study further determined fungi genera and their concentrations in onion crops and surface soils of onion farmlands. In total, 52, 100 and 100 samples of soils, onion leaves and bulb scales, respectively, were collected from three monsoon and one non-monsoon farmlands. Fungal colonies were counted and microscopically examined after incubation at 25°C for 4–7 days on malt extract agar with 40?g?mL^?1 chloramphenicol. Results showed the peak fungi levels were mostly observed at harvest time. Among keratitis-related fungi, Aspergillus predominated in soils as well as in onion bulb scales, while Alternaria in onion leaves. Cladosporium was also prevalent in soils, onion leaves and scales. Other keratitis-related fungi included Acremonium, Curvalaria, Fusarium, Mycelia, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia and Rhizopus. The present study provides an exposure link between onion harvesters and presence of keratitis-related fungi from onion crops and soils, which may account for mycotic ocular infection via hand-to-eye contact and airborne transmission during the monsoon season.     

Screening for acute ocular toxicity of commercialized products of cartap,an insecticide,and correlation to blood concentrations in rabbits

Cartap is an insecticide known to produce contraction and damage to mouse and rabbit diaphragms, and plays a pivotal role in respiratory paralysis and mortality in rabbits. The aim of this study was conducted to screen for the toxic properties and blood concentrations of commercialized cartap products in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Five granular formulations (GRs) with different concentrations (4, 6, 6.5, 6.66 or 10%) and seven water-soluble powders (SPs, 50%) of commercialized cartap products were chosen to study toxicity following ocular instillation. Furthermore, ocular instillation (5, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg kg^?1) and oral administration (25 mg kg^?1) of the technical material (TC) cartap was also performed to compare blood concentration changes in rabbits. There was no death or eye irritation with all GR products; however, soluble powder (SP) products produced severe toxicity and mortality in rabbits. The blood concentration of TC cartap in rabbits started to increase from 2 min and reached peak levels at 7–9 min after ocular instillation in a dose-related pattern. For comparison of the blood distribution of cartap via different administration routes, oral exposure exhibited a higher absorption of cartap than ocular instillation. It was suggested that the commercialized GR products of cartap were safe but 50% SP products were highly toxic to rabbits following ocular exposure. This study provides valuable data to screen for potential acute toxicity of cartap to farmers and animals in the field.     

Biodegradation of paclobutrazol by a microbial consortium isolated from industrially contaminated sediment

Biodegradability of the plant growth retardant paclobutrazol by a microbial consortium in which Pseudomonas was the predominant strain was investigated in batch culture. The consortium which had been isolated from an industrially contaminated sediment was proven to be useful for the treatment of effluents containing paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol was degraded by the pure isolated strain of Pseudomonas sp. as well as the microbial consortium. Paclobutrazol was utilized as the sole source of carbon and energy. Sixty percent of the paclobutrazol was degraded by the microbial consortium from an initial concentration of 54 mg L^?1 within 48 h and more than 98% of an initial concentration of 3.4 mg L^?1 was degraded within 36 h. The optimum temperature and pH were determined to be 30°C and 7.0, respectively. A pure strain of a bacterium, isolated from the enrichment culture was identified as Pseudomonas sp. The microbial consortium was tolerant of high pH and could degrade paclobutrazol faster than the pure strain. The degradation rate of this plant growth regulator in an aerobic environment was greater than that under anaerobic conditions.     

Structural effect on photocatalytic degradation of metallised azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspension

Three metallised azo dyes were investigated under TiO₂‐photocatalytic and photosensitised conditions in aqueous buffering solutions. The degradation follows apparent first‐order kinetics. The size and strength of intramolecular conjugation determine the light‐fastness of the investigated dyes. Compared with ¹O₂ produced in photosensitised process, the more powerful *OH radicals in TiCO₂ photocatalytic process are highly reactive towards the investigated azo dyes. And as a result, the TiO₂‐photocatalysis makes little less distinction in the degradation kinetic data of the azo dyes compared with the photosensitised degradation of them.     

Ecoregions and ecosystem management in China

Ecological regionalization is a base for rational management and sustainable utilization of ecosystems and natural resources. It can provide a scientific basis for constructing healthy ecological environments and making policies of environmental management. In this paper, based on synthetic analysis of the characteristics of the ecology and environments of China, the principles of ecological regionalization are discussed, and indices and nomenclature of ecological regionalization are proposed. The ecoregions on a national scale are divided. The results show that there are 3 domains, 13 ecoregions and 57 ecodistricts. The present scheme can be used as a framework for ecosystem assessment and management. Based on the ecoregions, measurements of management for forest, grassland, agriculture and wetland ecosystems are recommended. The experience and information can be used within and beyond the national scale for land-use planning, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration.