含铁地下水的危害及处理措施

地下水中铁的超标会给社会生产和生活带来一定的危害性。本文综合分析了现今的地下水除铁技术,主要有空气自然氧化法、锰砂除铁法、氯氧化法、接触氧化法和生物法等,对其特点进行总结,对地下水的防治具有较强的指导意义。     

江苏省暴雨洪涝灾害特征分析

通过引入灾度模型,对2004-2013年江苏省253次暴雨洪涝灾情进行了综合评估,给出了灾害等级的划分标准,分析了暴雨洪涝灾害发生频率与降雨量间的关系,确定了临界雨量,构建了灾度预测模型。结果显示:江苏省的暴雨洪涝灾害以轻灾及中灾居多。灾害多发且较重的区域位于西北部、东部及长江沿江地区;灾害少发且较轻的区域位于沿淮及苏南地区。梅雨锋引发的灾害频次最多,热带系统引发的暴雨灾害的灾度最大,而中小尺度对流系统所引发的灾害频次最少、灾度最小。引发暴雨洪涝灾害的临界雨强是18~20 mm/h,过程最大24 h降水量的临界值为35~40 mm。通过选用降水量因子建立的逐步回归方程对轻灾及中灾的空报率偏高,但对大灾及重大灾害的预测结果还是可以接受的。     

Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.     

An empirical model of soil chemical properties that regulate methane production in Japanese rice paddy soils

To understand which soil chemical properties are the best predictors of CH4 production in rice paddy soils, a model was developed with empirical data from nine types of rice soils collected around Japan and anaerobically incubated at 30 degrees C for 16 wk in laboratory conditions. After 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 wk of incubation, CO2, CH4, and Fe(II) were measured to understand soil organic matter decomposition and iron (Fe) reduction. Available N (N ava) was also measured at the end of incubation. The results showed that decomposable C and reducible Fe are two key parameters that regulate soil CH(4) production (P CH4). There was a significant relationship between decomposable C and available N (N ava) (r2 = 0.975**). Except for a sandy soil sample, a significant relationship between total Fe (Fe total) and reducible Fe was found. From this experiment, a simple model of soil CH4 production was developed: P CH4 = 1.593N(ava) - 2.460Fe total/1000 (each unit was mg kg(-1) soil). After simulated CH4 production by two soil chemical properties as above, there was a significant consistency between model simulation and actual measurement (r2 = 0.831**).     

城市河网区河流沉积物磷形态分布特征及释放贡献

以嘉兴城市河网区为研究区域,在调查区域水质和沉积物磷空间变化特征的基础上,分析沉积物中各形态磷的垂直与空间赋存状态,通过吸附释放参数计算EPC₀值,明确了沉积物-水界面磷迁移影响因素和沉积物中活跃磷素的释放风险和贡献.结果表明,研究区域水质氮磷污染较为严重,沉积物TP含量均值呈北部河网区>西部河网区>南部河网区,基于单因子指数法的生态风险评价为Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级的样本比例分别为10.91%、25.45%和63.64%.沉积物各形态磷整体呈现TP>IP>HCl-P>NaOH-P>OP,沉积物生物有效磷（BAP）整体呈现Olsen-P>AAP>WSP>RDP;在沉积物垂直剖面中,部分位点受到外界因素的强烈影响垂向波动较大,整体上是随深度的递增而减小,这与近年来研究区域接收的外源磷积累过程在加重有关.相关性分析表明,沉积物磷吸附容量（Q_max）与铁铝氧化物呈显著相关性 （p<0.05）;释放参数EPC₀与TP、IP与HCl-P呈显著相关性 （p<0.05）.结合BAP形态,研究区域河流沉积物NaOH-P、HCl-P、AAP、Olsen-P及WSP存在较高的释放潜力.南部河网区沉积物主要呈现磷“源”角色,西部和北部河网区部分区域沉积物充当磷“源”角色.南部河网区在长短时间尺度下的磷主要释放形态为NaOH-P、HCl-P和OP,北部河网区在长时间尺度下主要释放磷形态为NaOH-P、HCl-P,西部河网区在短时间尺度下主要释放形态以HCl-P为主,在长时间尺度下3种磷形态的释放风险仍然较高.     

乡村人居环境系统韧性的演变规律及其提升路径——以国家城乡融合发展试验区重庆西部片区为例

以国家城乡融合发展试验区——重庆西部片区为研究区,以2009年、2014年、2019年为研究时点,以2009—2019年为研究时段,按照思想缘起、理论基础、实证演绎、提升路径的研究思路,建立乡村人居环境系统韧性测度的指标体系,分析其演变规律。研究结果表明：2009—2019年,重庆西部片区的乡村人居环境系统韧性水平不断上升,呈现出“南高北低”的空间格局。各子系统韧性在时间上呈现出不同程度的增长趋势,在空间上差异明显：自然系统韧性与人类系统韧性分别呈现出“由南向北递减”和“东西部向中部递减”的空间格局;居住系统韧性与支撑系统韧性则分别呈现出由“低值点缀分布”逐渐过渡到较为均衡和“普遍均衡、高低值点缀”的空间格局;社会系统韧性表现为“西部增强、东部减弱”的空间格局特征。借助障碍度模型对重庆西部片区乡村人居环境系统韧性提升的障碍因子及不同区县面临的主导障碍进行诊断,根据结果将重庆西部片区划分为单一主导障碍型、双重障碍型与三层障碍型三种类型,据此设计乡村人居环境系统韧性提升的差异化路径,以期打破重庆西部片区乡村人居环境系统韧性提升的多重制约。     

FeS对CW-MFC系统降解活性艳红X-3B效果及过程的影响

在自行构建的人工湿地-微生物燃料电池(CW-MFC)系统中,以砾石填料为对照,研究了FeS对活性艳红X-3B脱色效果及降解过程的影响.结果表明,加在底层区域的FeS能够显著提高CW-MFC对活性艳红X-3B的脱色效果和系统产电性能.FeS的投加使得系统脱色率在进水活性艳红X-3B浓度200mg/L、葡萄糖浓度100mg/L条件下达到99.83%.在进水活性艳红X-3B浓度100mg/L、葡萄糖浓度200mg/L条件下,FeS组最大功率密度达到0.849W/m³.活性艳红X-3B在系统中的脱色主要发生在底层和阳极区域,由紫外-可见全波长扫描图谱和GC-MS扫描图谱可知FeS在该区域促进了偶氮双键的断裂,并有利于脱色产物苯胺、三嗪结构、萘环结构的进一步降解.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体老化微塑料及对Zn (II)吸附的影响

为了在实验中缩短微塑料的老化时间,更真实地模拟自然老化条件,采用介质阻挡放电（DBD）等离子体老化聚乙烯微塑料（PE-MP）和聚丙烯微塑料（PP-MP）,同时研究了老化前后PE-MP和PP-MP对Zn （II）的吸附过程和机理.随着放电时间延长和输入电压升高,微塑料表面出现微小裂纹或孔洞,形成含氧官能团.老化后PE-MP和PP-MP对Zn （II）的吸附容量分别提高了22.7%和14.8%.老化前后微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附均符合准二级动力学模型.颗粒内扩散模型表明,Zn （II）在微塑料上的吸附过程可分为快速吸附,慢速吸附和吸附平衡3个阶段.同时,老化前后微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附均符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型.热力学结果表明,微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附是自发的吸热过程.Ca²⁺、腐殖酸和低pH值不利于微塑料对Zn （II）的吸附.     

Effects of artificially induced complete mixing on dissolved organic matter in a stratified source water reservoir

Naturally complete mixing promotes the spontaneous redistribution of dissolved oxygen(DO), representing an ideal state for maintaining good water quality, and conducive to the biomineralization of organic matter. Water lifting aerators(WLAs) can extend the periods of complete mixing and increase the initial mixing temperature. To evaluate the influence of artificial-induced continuously mixing on dissolved organic matter(DOM) removal performance, the variations of DOM concentrations, optical cha...     

A novel approach for VOC source apportionment combining characteristic factor and pattern recognition technology in a Chinese industrial area

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emission control and source apportionment in small-scale industrial areas have become key topics of air pollution control in China. This study proposed a novel characteristic factor and pattern recognition (CF-PR) model for VOC source apportionment based on the similarity of characteristic factors between sources and receptors. A simulation was carried out in a typical industrial area with the CF-PR model involving simulated receptor samples. Refined and accurate source profiles were constructed through in situ sampling and analysis, covering rubber, chemicals, coating, electronics, plastics, printing, incubation and medical treatment industries. Characteristic factors of n-undecane, styrene, o-xylene and propane were identified. The source apportionment simulation results indicated that the predicted contribution rate was basically consistent with the real contribution rate. Compared to traditional receptor models, this method achieves notable advantages in terms of refinement and timeliness at similar accuracy, which is more suitable for VOC source identification and apportionment in small-scale industrial areas.