岩溶地下水补给的地表河流溶解无机碳昼夜变化与钙沉降

溶解无机碳昼夜动态变化对河流水体碳通量的估算有重要影响。本文选择由地下水补给且富含水生植物的典型河流,开展高分辨率水文地球化学监测和高频率水样取样工作,分析了水化学的昼夜动态变化特征,钙与无机碳昼夜循环产生的生物地球化学控制机理,估算了钙与无机碳昼夜通量。结果表明,白天pH、SIC上升,产生钙沉降和水体无机碳(主要为HCO-3)含量的下降,夜间得到地下水的补给,Ca2+和HCO-3浓度回升。监测期间,官村地下河出口地表河流钙与溶解有机碳的流失或沉降量分别为69.04kg/d和168.68kg/d,即51.14g/(m·d)和124.95g/(m·d),分别占输入量的6.2%和4.7%。受水生植物光合作用和钙化作用控制,沿流程发生无机碳向有机碳转化,是真正意义上的自然碳汇。     

Serious BTEX pollution in rural area of the North China Plain during winter season

Atmospheric BTEX compounds(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) in a rural site of the North China Plain(NCP) were preliminarily investigated in winter, and the outdoor concentrations(25.8–236.0 μg/m3) were found to be much higher than those reported in urban regions. The pollution of BTEX inside a farmer's house was even more serious, with combined concentrations of 254.5–1552.9 μg/m3. Based on the ratio of benzene to toluene(1.17 ± 0.34) measured, the serious BTEX pollution in the rural site was mainly ascribed to domestic coal combustion for heating during the winter season. With the enhancement of farmers' incomes in recent years, coal consumption by farmers in the NCP is rapidly increasing to keep their houses warm, and hence the serious air pollution in rural areas of the NCP during winter, including BTEX, should be paid great attention.     

Adsorption and biodegradation of three selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in river-based artificial groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater

Endocrine disrupting chemical(EDC) pollution in river-based artificial groundwater recharge using reclaimed municipal wastewater poses a potential threat to groundwater-based drinking water supplies in Beijing, China. Lab-scale leaching column experiments simulating recharge were conducted to study the adsorption, biodegradation, and transport characteristics of three selected EDCs: 17β-estradiol(E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2) and bisphenol A(BPA). The three recharge columns were operated under the conditions of continual sterilization recharge(CSR), continual recharge(CR), and wetting and drying alternative recharge(WDAR). The results showed that the attenuation effect of the EDCs was in the order of WDAR CR CSR system and E2 EE2 BPA, which followed first-order kinetics. The EDC attenuation rate constants were 0.0783, 0.0505, and 0.0479 m-1 for E2, EE2 and BPA in the CR system, respectively. The removal rates of E2, EE2, and BPA in the CR system were 98%, 96% and 92%, which mainly depended on biodegradation and were affected by water temperature.In the CR system, the concentrations of BPA, EE2, and E2 in soil were 4, 6 and 10 times higher than in the WDAR system, respectively. According to the DGGE fingerprints, the bacterial community in the bottom layer was more diverse than in the upper layer, which was related to the EDC concentrations in the water-soil system. The dominant group was found to be proteobacteria, including Betaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, suggesting that these microbes might play an important role in EDC degradation.     

金属冶选尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染诊断

通过对某尾矿库周边15个取样点的土壤进行取样调查,根据国家土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—1995),采用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法对该区的土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量进行评价。结果表明:所有采样点的土壤重金属含量均未超过GB 15618—1995二级标准值,各金属污染程度为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb;采样点土壤中Cu含量均未超过GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Pb在采样点GW-3、GW-5、GW-6、GW-7的含量超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Zn在采样点GW-2、GW-8的含量也超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Cd在采样点GW-5、GW-7的含量超过GB15618—1995一级标准值;尾矿库四周污染程度依次为:东侧>南侧>北侧>西侧。     

太阳光催化氧化工艺对藻源含氮有机物的降解研究

利用小试试验研究了太阳光/TiO2体系对铜绿微囊藻细胞内的溶解性有机氮(DON)的氧化降解过程,考察了氧化降解过程中总可溶性蛋白、多糖、UV254等指标的变化,分析了其作用机理.结果表明,7h处理后,太阳光/TiO2体系对水样中的DON降解率为29%,且降解过程中TN含量基本没有变化,而NH4+和NO3-的浓度明显增加;氧化过程中,总可溶性蛋白和多糖的含量明显减少,去除率达48.6%和54.5%.水样的浑浊度、UV254和DOC也有不同程度的去除.     

Excretion of manure-borne estrogens and androgens and their potential risk estimation in the Yangtze River Basin

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the river basin spans one fifth of the area of the whole country. Based on statistical data, the excretion of manure-borne steroid hormones, including steroid estrogens(SEs) and steroid androgens(SAs), in 10 provinces of China within the region has been estimated. The potential environmental and ecological risk of manure-borne steroid estrogens to the surface water in this region was also assessed. The manure-borne SE and SA excretions in the 10 provinces and municipalities vary in the order: Sichuan Hunan Hubei Yunnan Jiangsu Anhui Jiangxi Chongqing Qinghai Shanghai. The highest increase of manure-borne SEs(1434.3 kg)and SAs(408.5 kg) was found in Hunan and Hubei provinces, respectively, and the total excretion in 2013 was 65% more than 15 years earlier in these two provinces. However, the emissions in Anhui and Shanghai decreased in this 15 year period of time. Swine urine,chicken feces, cattle urine, and laying hen feces were considered the dominant sources of manure-borne E1, βE2, αE2, and SAs, respectively. Although Jiangsu province did not have the largest excretion of manure-borne SEs, it had the highest level of predicted17β-estradiol equivalency(EEQs) value of 16.65 ng/L in surface water because of the limited surface water resources. According to the lowest observable effect level of 10 ng/L for17β-estradiol, the manure-borne SEs in Jiangsu province might potentially pose ecological risk to its wild aquatic organisms.     

Enhanced CO2 adsorptive performance of PEI/SBA-15 adsorbent using phosphate ester based surfactants as additives

In this study,a series of polyetherimide/SBA-15: 2-D hexagonal P6 mm,Santa Barbara USA(PEI/SBA-15) adsorbents modified by phosphoric ester based surfactants(including tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEP),bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(BEP) and trimethyl phosphonoacetate(TMPA))were prepared for CO_2 adsorption.Experimental results indicated that the addition of TEP and BEP had positive effects on CO_2 adsorption capacity over PEI/SBA-15.In particular,the CO_2 adsorption amount could be improved by around 20% for 45PEI–5TEP/SBA-15 compared to the additive-free adsorbent.This could be attributed to the decrease of CO_2 diffusion resistance in the PEI bulk network due to the interactions between TEP and loaded PEI molecules,which was further confirmed by adsorption kinetics results.In addition,it was also found that the cyclic performance of the TEP-modified adsorbent was better than the surfactant-free one.This could be due to two main reasons,based on the results of in situ DRIFT and TG-DSC tests.First and more importantly,adsorbed CO_2 species could be desorbed more rapidly over TEP-modified adsorbent during the thermal desorption process.Furthermore,the enhanced thermal stability after TEP addition ensured lower degradation of amine groups during adsorption/desorption cycles.     

Activated carbon coated palygorskite as adsorbent by activation and its adsorption for methylene blue

An activation process for developing the surface and porous structure of palygorskite/carbon(PG/C) nanocomposite using ZnC l2 as activating agent was investigated. The obtained activated PG/C was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis(BET) techniques. The effects of activation conditions were examined,including activation temperature and impregnation ratio. With increased temperature and impregnation ratio, the collapse of the palygorskite crystal structure was found to accelerate and the carbon coated on the surface underwent further carbonization. XRD and SEM data confirmed that the palygorskite structure was destroyed and the carbon structure was developed during activation. The presence of the characteristic absorption peaks of C_C and C–H vibrations in the FTIR spectra suggested the occurrence of aromatization. The BET surface area improved by more than 11-fold(1201 m2/g for activated PG/C vs. 106 m2/g for PG/C) after activation, and the material appeared to be mainly microporous. The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue onto the activated PG/C reached 351 mg/g. The activated PG/C demonstrated better compressive strength than activated carbon without palygorskite clay.     

电镀污染区植物重金属积累特征研究

采用野外采样室内分析方法,对泰州某电镀污染区12种优势植物和对应土壤中的Cu、Cr、Cd、Pb和Ni5种重金属含量进行测定,揭示了优势植物对复合污染重金属的富集和转运特征。结果表明,该电镀污染区土壤中Cd平均含量为4.10 mg/kg,是GB15618—2008《土壤环境质量标准》中二级标准9.1倍。植物吸收重金属的富集滞留在地上部较多,香樟对Cd,双穗雀稗、野艾篙、牛筋草对Cu,双穗雀稗对Cr,三叶草、蒲公英对Pb,双穗雀稗、苣荬菜对Ni表现出重金属植物修复的潜力,它们是修复Cd污染土壤的理想植物。     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges( 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.