污泥酸化速率影响因子的探讨

采用城市污水厂污泥作为嗜酸微生物菌株来源,通过添加一定量的单质硫,使其中的嗜酸硫杆菌群大量增殖,并使污泥pH大幅降低.取得的培养物可用于废旧干电池中重金属沥滤等的处理.由于培养物对重金属沥滤效率和污泥的酸化速率密切相关,为此进行了不同的污泥种类、加硫量、污泥浓度和曝气强度对污泥酸化速率影响的实验.实验表明,初沉泥、二沉泥和混合浓缩污泥都能迅速利用硫产酸;加硫量(以100 mL污泥计)在0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 g时,快速酸化的趋势相同.0.5 g的加硫量显示出略微慢的酸化速率,最后达到的最低pH在1.2左右,其他三个都降至1.0以下.污泥质量分数在0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%时,也具有相同的酸化趋势,0.5%质量分数的污泥下降速率最快,这与较低浓度下污泥对pH的缓冲能力较小有关;曝气强度在0.45 L/min和0.3 L/min差别较小,5 d内能迅速降低pH,0.2 L/min的酸化速率较慢,足够长的时间(12 d)也能将pH降至2.5左右,0.1 L/min的曝气强度的酸化速率最慢,不能达到预期的酸化效果.     

Total life cycle emissions of post-Panamax containerships powered by conventional fuel or natural gas

This study proposes an easy-to-apply method, the Total Life Cycle Emission Model (TLCEM), to calculate the total emissions from shipping and help ship management groups assess the impact on emissions caused by their capital investment or operation decisions. Using TLCEM, we present the total emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) during the 25-yr life cycle of 10 post-Panamax containerships under slow steaming conditions. The life cycle consists of steel production, shipbuilding, crude oil extraction and transportation, fuel refining, bunkering, and ship operation. We calculate total emissions from containerships and compare the effect of emission reduction by using various fuels. The results can be used to differentiate the emissions from various processes and to assess the effectiveness of various reduction approaches. Critical pollutants and GHGs emitted from each process are calculated. If the containerships use heavy fuel oil (HFO), emissions of CO₂ total 2.79 million tonnes (Mt), accounting for 95.37% of total emissions, followed by NO_x and SO_x emissions,which account for 2.25% and 1.30%, respectively.The most significant emissions are from the operation of the ship and originate from the main engine (ME).When fuel is switched to 100% natural gas (NG), SO_x, PM₁₀, and CO₂ emissions show remarkable reductions of 98.60%, 99.06%, and 21.70%, respectively. Determining the emission factor of each process is critical for estimating the total emissions. The estimated emission factors were compared with the values adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).The proposed TLCEM may contribute to more accurate estimates of total life cycle emissions from global shipping.

Implications: We propose a total life cycle emissions model for 10 post-Panamax container ships. Using heavy fuel oil, emissions of CO₂ total 2.79 Mt, accounting for approximately 95% of emissions, followed by NO_x and SO_x emissions. Using 100% natural gas, SO_x, PM₁₀, and CO₂ emissions reduce by 98.6%, 99.1%, and 21.7%, respectively. NO_x emissions increase by 1.14% when running a dual fuel engine at low load in natural gas mode.     

淠河流域不同强度等级降水变化研究

淠河流域降水时空变率大,深入分析不同强度等级降水的特征和变化,对于全面揭示研究区气候变化、合理有效利用水资源、防治洪旱灾害具有十分重要的意义。基于淠河流域12个气象站1958~2012年逐日降水资料,分析年、季不同级别降水量(频次)的变化特点,以及主汛期(5~9月)连续3d最大降水量的概率分布。结果表明,淠河流域小雨量(频次)四季分布比较均匀,级别越高,降水频次越少,分布越集中,夏季暴雨多发。淠河流域年总降水量增加趋势不显著,总降水频次则显著减少。夏季各级别降水量(频次)均呈增加趋势,其中暴雨增加最显著,冬季总降水频次无明显趋势变化,小雨、中雨量增加显著,春、秋季总降水频次和小雨频次的减少趋势极其显著。淠河流域暴雨量、暴雨频次均在1968年发生增多突变,小雨频次在1975年有极显著减少突变,年总降水量有增多突变,总降水频次则有减少突变。自20世纪70年代后期以来,研究区主汛期连续3d极端强降水出现概率加大,不同重现期极值增大,洪涝灾害风险加剧。     

山东河川径流可持续利用探讨

本文通过对山东河川径流的深入分析研究 ,深刻剖析了它的特点极其时空分布规律 ,阐述其可持续开发利用应考虑的主要因素、开发措施及解决山东缺水问题的根本出路 ,以便科学合理地开发利用有限的水资源 ,解决山东的供水危机     

A SCALE‐INVARIANT GAUSS‐MARKOV MODEL FOR DESIGN STORM HYETOGRAPHS1

Abstract. Hyetographs are essential to many hydrological designs. Many studies have shown that hyetographs are specific to storm types and durations. Recent work presented evidence that dimensionless hyetographs are scale invariant. We show that the simple scaling property of rainfall guarantees that the normalized rainfall rates of different storm durations are identically distributed and propose a nonstationary Gauss‐Markov model based on the annual maximum events that arise from the dominant storm type. We derive the unique estimators for the parameters of the Gauss‐Markov model under two constraints that: (a) the typical peak rainfall rate is preserved, and (b) the most likely hyetograph is obtained. One attractive feature of this model is that it allows translating hyetographs between storms of different durations. Two examples illustrate our model.     

Characterizing the antibiotic resistance genes in a river catchment: Influence of anthropogenic activities

Previous studies on environmental antibiotics resistance genes(ARGs) have focused on the pollution sources such as wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture and livestock farms,etc. Few of them had addressed this issue in a regional scale such as river catchment. Hence,the occurrence and abundances of 23 ARGs were investigated in surface water samples collected from 38 sites which located from the river source to estuary of the Beijiang River.Among them, 11 ARGs were frequently detected in this region and 5 ARGs(sul I, sul II, tet B,tet C, and tet W) were selected for their distribution pattern analysis. The abundances of the selected ARGs were higher in the upstream(8.70 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) and downstream areas(3.17 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) than those in the midstream areas(1.23 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA), which was positively correlated to the population density and number of pollution sources. Pollution sources of ARGs along the Beijiang River not only had a great impact on the abundances and diversity, but also on the distribution of specific ARGs in the water samples. Both sul I and sul II were likely originated from aquaculture farms and animal farms,tet W gene was possibly associated with the mining/metal melting industry and the electric waste disposal and tet C gene was commonly found in the area with multiple pollution sources.However, the abundance of tet B was not particularly related to anthropogenic impacts. These findings highlight the influence of pollution sources and density of population on the distribution and dissemination of ARGs at a regional scale.     

南京公园降尘中重金属污染水平及风险评价

分析了南京10个公园大气降尘中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和美国EPA健康风险评价方法进行重金属污染水平、生态风险和健康风险的评价.结果表明,重金属污染水平较高的有燕子矶公园、大桥公园和莫愁湖公园.与其他部分城市如长春、武汉和北京相比,南京市公园降尘中的重金属含量偏高.地积累指数评价结果表明,Pb处于中度污染水平,Zn和Cu均处于中度至严重污染水平,而Cd处于严重至极度污染水平.Cd的生态风险水平为很强生态风险.健康风险评价结果显示,各重金属均不存在非致癌风险.Cd、Cr和Ni均不存在致癌风险(风险值10~(-6)),As的致癌风险在10~(-6)~10~(-4)之间,存在一定的致癌风险,但是在可接受范围之内.     

城市空气悬浮颗粒物的理化性质及其健康效应

城市空气悬浮颗粒物的理化性质是其他相关研究的理论基础,目前的研究主要集中在分析空气颗粒物的成分组成、来源解析上.空气悬浮颗粒物主要由金属元素、有机化学成分和无机盐类等组成,城市交通、工业等各种源的排放是其主要来源,按照粒径大小不同一般可将其分为总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)等.空气悬浮颗粒物达到一定浓度后,会对环境和人体产生一定的危害,而且颗粒物粒径大小不同,来源和成分组成就有别,其产生的危害程度也不一样.文章从粒径大小、来源、成份以及三者间的相互关系等几个方面详细阐述了城市空气悬浮颗粒物的理化性质,并从其对人体、其他动植物和环境等方面造成的影响综述了空气颗粒物的健康效应及影响因素,最后又提出了今后的研究方向和发展途径.     

三峡库区不同植被覆盖对土壤碳的影响

植被覆盖变化对三峡库区生态环境产生重要影响.土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统的发育和运行等方面均起着极其重要的作用,所以本课题研究宜昌点军区柏树地,橘树地以及菜地的土壤性质状况.结果表明:土壤含水量是柏树林最大.菜地的最小,而土壤容重的大小顺序是:柑橘树地>柏树地>菜地.土壤有机碳、易氧化碳和二者的比值都是柏树地的最大,柑橘地的最小,菜地的处于中间状态.而微生物碳和微生物墒含量大小顺序是柏树地>柑橘树>菜地;微生物代谢墒的大小顺序是:柑橘地>菜地>柏树地.由此说明柏树生长有利于土壤活性碳源含量的提高和土壤质量的改善.     

有机溶剂和变性剂对枯草芽胞杆菌溶栓酶活性的影响

以枯草芽胞杆菌LD-8547菌株发酵液为材料,提取分离溶栓酶,研究了几种有机溶剂及变性剂对枯草杆菌溶栓酶活性的影响.结果表明,甲醇对溶栓酶表现为抑制作用,在10%-15%浓度范围时,其抑制作用最强;乙醇在5%～15%浓度范围内对酶活有激活作用,但随浓度的增大则转变为较强的抑制作用;正丁醇和异丙醇对酶活力则表现出强烈的抑制作用;丙三醇对酶活力有轻微的抑制作用,随着浓度增加抑制作用逐渐增强;异戊醇在5%～15%浓度范围内有一定的激活作用,但当浓度大于15%时则表现为抑制作用.醛类对酶活也有较强的抑制作用;丙酮、DMSO、DMF、SDS和异氰硫酸胍对酶活均有不同程度的抑制作用;脲浓度＜0.01 mmol/L时略有激活作用,随浓度增大转变为抑制作用.实验同时对EDTA在不同浓度和不同时间内对酶活力的影响进行了研究,结果表明,浓度＜2mmol/L的EDTA基本不影响酶活力,但随着浓度的增大,其抑制作用明显增大.本实验还以牛血为材料,对酶液进行了体外抗血凝和溶血栓实验,结果表明,该酶具有抗血凝和溶血栓效果.