铈锆比率及过渡金属掺杂对Pd/CexZr1-xO2催化剂性能的影响

采用均相共沉淀法制备了不同铈锆比率的复合氧化物,并用等体积浸渍法制备了其负载的Pd/CexZr1-xO2催化剂。考察了铈锆比率对复合氧化物性质及其负载单Pd催化剂催化氧化柴油机尾气性能的影响。在此基础上,掺杂Mn、Ni和Cu对催化剂进行改性并考察反应活性。利用XRD、BET、H2-TPR和TEM等技术对样品进行表征。结果表明,Ce/Zr为1/1时Pd/CZ催化剂抗烧结性能最佳;过渡金属和铈锆协同作用一定程度上提高了柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)的催化活性;Cu和Mn的掺杂能有效降低CO、碳氢化合物(HC)和NO的起燃温度,提高柴油机尾气催化氧化性能;Ni对催化性能的改善不明显。     

温度对热水解预处理高含固污泥特性的影响

以含固率为10%的污泥为对象,研究不同温度和时间条件下热水解过程中有机物转化规律对污泥特性的影响。结果表明:随着热水解时间的延长和温度的升高,污泥中挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的水解率逐渐升高。在热水解时间为20 min时,温度由150℃升高到180℃,VSS水解率由22.9%增至38.4%,污泥中VSS由46.28 g/L降低到40.63 g/L。水解液组分分析表明,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)主要组成为蛋白质(50%)、碳水化合物(15%~20%)、可挥发性脂肪酸(15%~20%)。水解液中氮主要以有机氮的形式存在。在热水解条件达到165℃、50 min时,氨氮浓度为1.16 g/L,之后,随着温度的升高和时间的延长,氨氮浓度基本不变。     

牛粪和玉米秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及动力学

为了评价牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力,研究其厌氧消化过程动力学方程,采用自制序批式厌氧发酵实验装置对某养殖场牛粪和秸秆的最大甲烷生产潜力及其发酵过程进行研究。通过实验研究,测得接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的累计甲烷产量分别为64.87、244.0和466.54 mL CH4/g VS。根据实测的产气量变化曲线,按照modified Gompertz equation模型进行方程拟合,牛粪组和玉米秸秆组拟合方程的相关性系数分别为0.983和0.991,表明运用modified Gompertz equation模型预测牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力方法可行。通过对产甲烷过程的动力学研究得到:接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大产甲烷潜力分别为66.07、213.93和458.57 mL CH4/g VS,与实测值的误差率分别为1.8%、12.3%和1.7%;牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大甲烷日产气率(Rm)和延滞期时间(λ)分别是13.14 mL CH4/(g VS·d)、30.76 mL CH4/(g VS·d)和0.35 d、0.71 d。综上,玉米秸秆厌氧消化的停滞期长,但总产气量和最大甲烷日产期率都比牛粪高。     

MnO2/Al2O3吸附草甘膦及微波紫外耦合降解再生工艺

以掺混煅烧法制备MnO2/Al2O3,并对草甘膦进行吸附,将吸附态草甘膦置于微波紫外耦合系统中进行降解和再生。研究并给出了MnO2/Al2O3的最佳制备条件、最佳吸附条件和微波紫外耦合降解再生的最佳工艺参数。MnO2/Al2O3最佳制备条件为MnO2质量分数15%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间2 h。在常温下,MnO2/Al2O3对草甘膦的最大吸附量为75 mg/g。微波紫外耦合系统最佳工艺参数为功率500 W,时间25 min,空气量0.06 m3/h。在此操作条件下,MnO2/Al2O3的再生率达到85%,并且可以多次再生利用,草甘膦最终降解产物为二氧化碳、氮氧化物、磷酸和水,矿化率为65%。     

Fe3+和Cu2+对饮用水氯消毒副产物三卤甲烷形成的影响

为了研究水中存在Br-的情况下,Fe3+和Cu2+对三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成及CHCl3、CHBrCl2、CHBr2Cl、CHBr3 4种消毒副产物相对分布的影响,以腐殖酸模拟氯消毒过程中的前体物进行实验。结果表明,在pH为6、7和9 3种条件下,Fe3+抑制了THMs的生成,pH=6时只有CHCl3生成量随着Fe3+浓度的增加逐渐减少,其余3种消毒副产物均在增加,pH=7时4种消毒副产物浓度均减小并在Fe3+浓度为2 mg/L时生成量最低,pH=9时的生成趋势与pH=6时类似。Cu2+能促进THMs的生成,在pH为6、7和9时,当加入0.5 mg/L Cu2+时,THMs总量分别增加了16.7%、22.6%和2.5%,随着pH增加,THMs总量增加。在3种pH环境中,Cu2+对THMs生成的影响大于Fe3+,在偏酸性环境中,Fe3+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高,当金属离子浓度为2.5 mg/L时,致癌风险相差最高为15%,在中性和偏碱性环境中,Cu2+影响THMs生成,产生的致癌风险高。     

Decline of traditional rice farming constrains the recovery of the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon)

Traditional agriculture benefits a rich diversity of plants and animals. The winter-flooded rice fields in the Qinling Mountains, China, are the last refuge for the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), and intensive efforts have been made to protect this anthropogenic habitat. Analyses of multi-temporal satellite data indicate that winter-flooded rice fields have been continuously reduced across the current range of crested ibis during the past two decades. The rate of loss of these fields in the core-protected areas has unexpectedly increased to a higher level than that in non-protected areas in the past decade. The best fit (R² = 0.87) numerical response model of the crested ibis population shows that a reduction of winter-flooded rice fields decreases population growth and predicts that the population growth will be constrained by the decline of traditional winter-flooded rice fields in the coming decades. Our findings suggest that the decline of traditional rice farming is likely to continue to pose a threat to the long-term survival and recovery of the crested ibis population in China.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0649-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

采场通风方式与瓦斯运移规律研究

采场是煤矿生产的核心地带,而采场通风系统是确保采场作业安全,创造良好生产环境的重要环节。本文以采场风流流动及瓦斯运移理论为基础,通过现场试验、模型模拟试验及计算机模拟研究等方法,着重研究了中国常用的和有发展前途的走向长壁后退式U型通风方式、U+L型通曲方式、后退式Y型通风方式条件下采场风流流动及瓦斯运移规律。     

再燃法烟气脱硝技术

综述了再燃法烟气脱硝技术及其主要影响因素。通过对几种脱硝技术的分析比较，认为再燃脱硝是一种很有前景的脱硝技术，其投资和运行费用界于低NO。燃烧器和选择性催化还原技术之间，有喷氨条件下的先进再燃脱硝效率接近于选择性催化还原技术。总结了国内外对先进再燃脱硝技术各种参数影响条件的研究结果，并论述了该技术的应用要点。     

Status and fuzzy comprehensive assessment of combined heavy metal and organo-chlorine pesticide pollution in the Taihu Lake region of China

The status of combined heavy metal and organo-chlorine pesticide (OCPs; i.e. HCH and DDT) pollution was investigated and the soil environmental quality of the Taihu Lake watershed, one of the most developed regions in China, was evaluated using a fuzzy comprehensive assessment. Statistical analyses showed the presence of combined pollution in the soil. At many sampling sites, heavy metal concentrations were above corresponding background values, indicating the effects of extraneous pollutants. It has been over 20 years since China banned the use of OCPs, but they can still be found in soil samples of this region. HCH levels at all investigated sites were below the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils. Fuzzy comprehensive assessment showed that the overall soil quality in this region could be categorized as class I. Nevertheless, the high coefficients of variation for levels of DDT, Cd and Hg indicated the existence of some point-source pollution. Continuous monitoring and further studies of the region are recommended to prevent pollution of farmland from these sources.     

矿产资源规划理论的形成和发展

矿产资源规划是区域发展规划的重要组成部分,是政府对矿业经济进行宏观调控的一种手段。本文从理论更新和完善的角度重新确立了区域矿产资源规划的理论体系,提出矿产资源规划理论经历形成、发展与创新三个阶段,并就矿产资源配置与价格规律、矿产资源经济区划理论和可持续发展理论在其中的深远影响进行了初步探讨。